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The Academy's Evolution Site<br><br>Biology is a key concept in biology. The Academies have been active for a long time in helping those interested in science comprehend the theory of evolution and how it affects all areas of scientific research.<br><br>This site provides a wide range of resources for students, teachers as well as general readers about evolution. It also includes important video clips from NOVA and WGBH produced science programs on DVD.<br><br>Tree of Life<br><br>The Tree of Life is an ancient symbol of the interconnectedness of all life. It is an emblem of love and unity in many cultures. It also has many practical applications, like providing a framework for understanding the evolution of species and how they respond to changes in environmental conditions.<br><br>The first attempts to depict the world of biology were based on categorizing organisms based on their physical and metabolic characteristics. These methods, which rely on the sampling of different parts of living organisms or on sequences of small fragments of their DNA greatly increased the variety of organisms that could be included in a tree of life2. However, these trees are largely made up of eukaryotes. Bacterial diversity remains vastly underrepresented3,4.<br><br>By avoiding the need for direct experimentation and observation genetic techniques have made it possible to represent the Tree of Life in a more precise way. Particularly, molecular techniques allow us to build trees using sequenced markers such as the small subunit of ribosomal RNA gene.<br><br>Despite the massive expansion of the Tree of Life through genome sequencing, a lot of biodiversity awaits discovery. This is especially true of microorganisms, which can be difficult to cultivate and are usually only found in a single specimen5. A recent study of all genomes known to date has produced a rough draft of the Tree of Life, including many bacteria and archaea that have not been isolated and which are not well understood.<br><br>The expanded Tree of Life can be used to assess the biodiversity of a particular area and determine if particular habitats need special protection. This information can be used in a variety of ways, such as identifying new drugs, combating diseases and enhancing crops. It is also beneficial in conservation efforts. It can aid biologists in identifying the areas that are most likely to contain cryptic species that could have important metabolic functions that may be at risk from anthropogenic change. While conservation funds are important, the best method to preserve the biodiversity of the world is to equip the people of developing nations with the information they require to act locally and promote conservation.<br><br>Phylogeny<br><br>A phylogeny is also known as an evolutionary tree, illustrates the relationships between groups of organisms. Scientists can build a phylogenetic chart that shows the evolution of taxonomic groups using molecular data and morphological similarities or differences. The role of phylogeny is crucial in understanding biodiversity, genetics and evolution.<br><br>A basic phylogenetic Tree (see Figure PageIndex 10 ) is a method of identifying the relationships between organisms with similar traits that have evolved from common ancestral. These shared traits could be either analogous or homologous. Homologous characteristics are identical in their evolutionary paths. Analogous traits could appear like they are but they don't have the same origins. Scientists put similar traits into a grouping referred to as a Clade. All members of a clade share a characteristic, like amniotic egg production. They all evolved from an ancestor that had these eggs. The clades are then connected to create a phylogenetic tree to determine the organisms with the closest relationship. <br><br>To create a more thorough and  [https://www.metooo.es/u/67674ccbacd17a11772cafc4 에볼루션사이트] accurate phylogenetic tree, scientists use molecular data from DNA or RNA to establish the relationships between organisms. This information is more precise and provides evidence of the evolutionary history of an organism. Researchers can use Molecular Data to determine the age of evolution of organisms and identify the number of organisms that share an ancestor common to all.<br><br>The phylogenetic relationship can be affected by a number of factors such as phenotypicplasticity. This is a kind of behavior that changes due to particular environmental conditions. This can make a trait appear more resembling to one species than another, obscuring the phylogenetic signals. This problem can be mitigated by using cladistics. This is a method that incorporates an amalgamation of homologous and analogous traits in the tree.<br><br>Additionally, phylogenetics can help determine the duration and speed of speciation. This information can assist conservation biologists decide which species they should protect from extinction. 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Many scientists have proposed theories of evolution, such as the Islamic naturalist Nasir al-Din al-Tusi (1201-274), who believed that an organism would develop according to its own requirements and needs, the Swedish taxonomist Carolus Linnaeus (1707-1778), who created the modern hierarchical taxonomy, as well as Jean-Baptiste Lamarck (1844-1829), who believed that the use or absence of traits can lead to changes that can be passed on to future generations.<br><br>In the 1930s and 1940s, ideas from a variety of fields -- including genetics, natural selection, and particulate inheritance--came together to form the current evolutionary theory that explains how evolution happens through the variation of genes within a population, and how those variations change over time due to natural selection. This model, known as genetic drift, mutation, gene flow, and sexual selection,  [http://www.viewtool.com/bbs/home.php?mod=space&uid=7137174 에볼루션카지노] is the foundation of current evolutionary biology, and can be mathematically explained.<br><br>Recent discoveries in the field of evolutionary developmental biology have shown that genetic variation can be introduced into a species via genetic drift, mutation, and reshuffling genes during sexual reproduction, as well as through the movement of populations. These processes, as well as other ones like directional selection and genetic erosion (changes in the frequency of an individual's genotype over time), can lead to evolution, which is defined by changes in the genome of the species over time, and the change in phenotype over time (the expression of the genotype in an individual).<br><br>Incorporating evolutionary thinking into all areas of biology education can increase student understanding of the concepts of phylogeny and evolutionary. A recent study conducted by Grunspan and colleagues, for example demonstrated that teaching about the evidence for evolution helped students accept the concept of evolution in a college-level biology class. For more information about how to teach evolution, see The Evolutionary Potential in All Areas of Biology or Thinking Evolutionarily: a Framework for Infusing Evolution into Life Sciences Education.<br><br>Evolution in Action<br><br>Traditionally scientists have studied evolution through looking back, studying fossils, comparing species, and observing living organisms. But evolution isn't just something that happened in the past; it's an ongoing process, happening right now. Bacteria transform and resist antibiotics, viruses re-invent themselves and elude new medications, and animals adapt their behavior to the changing climate. The results are usually visible.<br><br>It wasn't until the 1980s when biologists began to realize that natural selection was also at work. 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Samples of each population have been taken frequently and more than 500.000 generations of E.coli have been observed to have passed.<br><br>Lenski's research has revealed that a mutation can dramatically alter the rate at the rate at which a population reproduces, and consequently the rate at which it evolves. It also shows evolution takes time, a fact that is hard for some to accept.<br><br>Another example of microevolution is how mosquito genes that confer resistance to pesticides are more prevalent in areas where insecticides are employed. This is because the use of pesticides causes a selective pressure that favors individuals who have resistant genotypes.<br><br>The rapidity of evolution has led to a greater recognition of its importance, especially in a world shaped largely by human activity. This includes pollution, climate change, and habitat loss that hinders many species from adapting. 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