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The Academy's Evolution Site<br><br>The concept of biological evolution is among the most fundamental concepts in biology. The Academies are involved in helping those interested in science comprehend the evolution theory and how it can be applied in all areas of scientific research.<br><br>This site provides teachers, students and general readers with a wide range of learning resources on evolution. It has key video clips from NOVA and the WGBH-produced science programs on DVD.<br><br>Tree of Life<br><br>The Tree of Life is an ancient symbol that represents the interconnectedness of life. It is used in many religions and cultures as an emblem of unity and love. It also has many practical applications, such as providing a framework for understanding the history of species and how they respond to changes in the environment.<br><br>Early approaches to depicting the world of biology focused on separating species into distinct categories that had been identified by their physical and metabolic characteristics1. These methods, which rely on the collection of various parts of organisms or DNA fragments have significantly increased the diversity of a Tree of Life2. These trees are largely composed of eukaryotes, while the diversity of bacterial species is greatly underrepresented3,4.<br><br>Genetic techniques have significantly expanded our ability to depict the Tree of Life by circumventing the requirement for direct observation and experimentation. In particular, molecular methods allow us to build trees using sequenced markers, such as the small subunit of ribosomal RNA gene.<br><br>The Tree of Life has been greatly expanded thanks to genome sequencing. However there is still a lot of diversity to be discovered. This is particularly true for microorganisms, which are difficult to cultivate and are typically only represented in a single sample5. A recent analysis of all genomes known to date has produced a rough draft of the Tree of Life, including numerous archaea and bacteria that have not been isolated and whose diversity is poorly understood6.<br><br>This expanded Tree of Life is particularly useful in assessing the diversity of an area, which can help to determine if specific habitats require special protection. This information can be utilized in a range of ways, from identifying the most effective treatments to fight disease to enhancing the quality of the quality of crops. The information is also incredibly beneficial in conservation efforts. It helps biologists determine the areas most likely to contain cryptic species with important metabolic functions that may be at risk from anthropogenic change. While funds to protect biodiversity are essential but the most effective way to ensure the preservation of biodiversity around the world is for more people in developing countries to be equipped with the knowledge to take action locally to encourage conservation from within.<br><br>Phylogeny<br><br>A phylogeny, also called an evolutionary tree, shows the relationships between groups of organisms. Using molecular data, morphological similarities and differences or ontogeny (the course of development of an organism) scientists can create a phylogenetic tree that illustrates the evolutionary relationships between taxonomic categories. Phylogeny is crucial in understanding the evolution of biodiversity, evolution and genetics.<br><br>A basic phylogenetic tree (see Figure PageIndex 10 ) identifies the relationships between organisms that share similar traits that have evolved from common ancestors. These shared traits could be either homologous or analogous. Homologous characteristics are identical in their evolutionary path. Analogous traits could appear similar however they do not have the same origins. Scientists group similar traits into a grouping called a clade. All organisms in a group have a common trait, such as amniotic egg production. They all came from an ancestor who had these eggs. A phylogenetic tree can be built by connecting the clades to determine the organisms that are most closely related to each other. <br><br>For a more precise and precise phylogenetic tree scientists rely on molecular information from DNA or RNA to establish the relationships among organisms. This information is more precise than the morphological data and gives evidence of the evolutionary background of an organism or group. The analysis of molecular data can help researchers identify the number of species that have an ancestor common to them and estimate their evolutionary age.<br><br>The phylogenetic relationship can be affected by a number of factors such as phenotypicplasticity. This is a type of behaviour that can change as a result of unique environmental conditions. This can cause a characteristic to appear more resembling to one species than another which can obscure the phylogenetic signal. However, this problem can be reduced by the use of methods such as cladistics that incorporate a combination of homologous and analogous features into the tree.<br><br>Additionally, phylogenetics can help determine the duration and speed at which speciation takes place. This information can assist conservation biologists decide which species they should protect from the threat of extinction. In the end, it is the conservation of phylogenetic diversity that will result in an ecosystem that is balanced and complete.<br><br>Evolutionary Theory<br><br>The central theme of evolution is that organisms develop distinct characteristics over time due to their interactions with their surroundings. Many theories of evolution have been developed by a variety of scientists such as the Islamic naturalist Nasir al-Din al-Tusi (1201-1274) who proposed that a living organism develop slowly according to its needs, the Swedish botanist Carolus Linnaeus (1707-1778) who designed modern hierarchical taxonomy, and Jean-Baptiste Lamarck (1744-1829) who suggested that the use or non-use of traits causes changes that could be passed onto offspring.<br><br>In the 1930s and 1940s, concepts from various fields, including genetics, natural selection and particulate inheritance - came together to create the modern evolutionary theory, which defines how evolution happens through the variations of genes within a population, and how those variants change in time as a result of natural selection. This model, which incorporates genetic drift, mutations in gene flow, and sexual selection, can be mathematically described.<br><br>Recent developments in the field of evolutionary developmental biology have revealed that variation can be introduced into a species by mutation, genetic drift, and reshuffling genes during sexual reproduction, as well as through the movement of populations. These processes, as well as others such as directional selection or genetic erosion (changes in the frequency of an individual's genotype over time) can result in evolution, which is defined by changes in the genome of the species over time and  [https://www.forum-sachsen.com/proxy.php?link=https://evolutionkr.kr/ 무료 에볼루션] also by changes in phenotype as time passes (the expression of the genotype within the individual).<br><br>Students can better understand phylogeny by incorporating evolutionary thinking throughout all aspects of biology. In a recent study by Grunspan and colleagues., it was shown that teaching students about the evidence for evolution increased their acceptance of evolution during an undergraduate biology course. For more information about how to teach evolution look up The Evolutionary Power of Biology in all Areas of Biology or Thinking Evolutionarily as a Framework for Integrating Evolution into Life Sciences Education.<br><br>Evolution in Action<br><br>Traditionally scientists have studied evolution by looking back--analyzing fossils, comparing species and observing living organisms. Evolution is not a distant moment; it is a process that continues today. Bacteria transform and resist antibiotics,  [https://board-en.skyrama.com/proxy.php?link=https://evolutionkr.kr/ 에볼루션 게이밍] 사이트 ([https://forums.vactivists.com/proxy.php?link=https://evolutionkr.kr/ https://forums.vactivists.com/proxy.php?link=https://evolutionkr.kr/]) viruses re-invent themselves and escape new drugs and animals change their behavior to the changing environment. The changes that occur are often apparent.<br><br>But it wasn't until the late-1980s that biologists realized that natural selection could be seen in action, as well. The main reason is that different traits can confer the ability to survive at different rates as well as reproduction, and may be passed down from one generation to another.<br><br>In the past, when one particular allele, the genetic sequence that determines coloration--appeared in a group of interbreeding organisms, it could quickly become more prevalent than the other alleles. As time passes, that could mean the number of black moths in a population could increase. The same is true for many other characteristics--including morphology and behavior--that vary among populations of organisms.<br><br>It is easier to see evolution when an organism, like bacteria, has a high generation turnover. Since 1988, Richard Lenski, a biologist, has tracked twelve populations of E.coli that descend from one strain. The samples of each population have been taken regularly, and more than 500.000 generations of E.coli have passed.<br><br>Lenski's work has demonstrated that mutations can drastically alter the rate at which a population reproduces and,  [https://community.discountasp.net/proxy.php?link=https://evolutionkr.kr/ 무료에볼루션] consequently,  [https://skywars.com/proxy.php?link=https://evolutionkr.kr/ 에볼루션 바카라 무료] 바카라 체험 ([http://racingweb.site/proxy.php?link=https://evolutionkr.kr/ http://Racingweb.Site]) the rate at which it alters. It also proves that evolution is slow-moving, a fact that some people find hard to accept.<br><br>Another example of microevolution is how mosquito genes that confer resistance to pesticides show up more often in areas in which insecticides are utilized. Pesticides create an enticement that favors those who have resistant genotypes.<br><br>The speed at which evolution takes place has led to an increasing awareness of its significance in a world that is shaped by human activities, including climate changes, pollution and the loss of habitats that prevent the species from adapting. Understanding evolution can assist you in making better choices regarding the future of the planet and its inhabitants.