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The Academy's Evolution Site<br><br>Biological evolution is a central concept in biology. The Academies are involved in helping those who are interested in the sciences understand evolution theory and how it is permeated across all areas of scientific research.<br><br>This site provides a wide range of tools for teachers, students as well as general readers about evolution. It contains important video clips from NOVA and WGBH-produced science programs on DVD.<br><br>Tree of Life<br><br>The Tree of Life is an ancient symbol of the interconnectedness of life. It is an emblem of love and unity in many cultures. It has many practical applications as well, including providing a framework to understand the history of species, and how they react to changes in environmental conditions.<br><br>The first attempts to depict the biological world were built on categorizing organisms based on their physical and metabolic characteristics. These methods, which are based on the collection of various parts of organisms or fragments of DNA, have greatly increased the diversity of a Tree of Life2. However these trees are mainly composed of eukaryotes; bacterial diversity is not represented in a large way3,4.<br><br>Genetic techniques have significantly expanded our ability to depict the Tree of Life by circumventing the requirement for direct observation and experimentation. Particularly, molecular techniques enable us to create trees using sequenced markers like the small subunit ribosomal gene.<br><br>Despite the massive growth of the Tree of Life through genome sequencing, a large amount of biodiversity is waiting to be discovered. This is especially true of microorganisms that are difficult to cultivate and are typically only found in a single sample5. A recent analysis of all genomes resulted in an unfinished draft of a Tree of Life. This includes a large number of archaea, bacteria, and other organisms that haven't yet been identified or whose diversity has not been thoroughly understood6.<br><br>This expanded Tree of Life is particularly beneficial in assessing the biodiversity of an area, assisting to determine whether specific habitats require special protection. This information can be utilized in a variety of ways, from identifying new treatments to fight disease to enhancing the quality of crops. This information is also extremely useful for conservation efforts. It can aid biologists in identifying areas that are most likely to have cryptic species, which could have important metabolic functions and be vulnerable to the effects of human activity. Although funds to protect biodiversity are crucial, ultimately the best way to ensure the preservation of biodiversity around the world is for more people in developing countries to be equipped with the knowledge to take action locally to encourage conservation from within.<br><br>Phylogeny<br><br>A phylogeny is also known as an evolutionary tree, illustrates the connections between different groups of organisms. Scientists can construct a phylogenetic diagram that illustrates the evolution of taxonomic groups based on molecular data and morphological differences or similarities. The phylogeny of a tree plays an important role in understanding the relationship between genetics, biodiversity and evolution.<br><br>A basic phylogenetic Tree (see Figure PageIndex 10 Finds the connections between organisms with similar traits and evolved from a common ancestor. These shared traits can be analogous or homologous. Homologous traits are identical in their underlying evolutionary path and analogous traits appear similar but do not have the same ancestors. Scientists group similar traits into a grouping known as a clade. All organisms in a group have a common trait, such as amniotic egg production. They all evolved from an ancestor that had these eggs. A phylogenetic tree is then constructed by connecting clades to identify the organisms who are the closest to each other. <br><br>Scientists utilize molecular DNA or RNA data to create a phylogenetic chart that is more accurate and detailed. This data is more precise than morphological data and provides evidence of the evolution background of an organism or group. Researchers can use Molecular Data to estimate the evolutionary age of living organisms and discover the number of organisms that share a common ancestor.<br><br>The phylogenetic relationships between organisms are influenced by many factors, including phenotypic flexibility, an aspect of behavior that alters in response to unique environmental conditions. This can cause a characteristic to appear more similar to one species than to the other which can obscure the phylogenetic signal. However, this issue can be reduced by the use of techniques like cladistics, which include a mix of homologous and analogous features into the tree.<br><br>Additionally, phylogenetics can help determine the duration and speed at which speciation takes place. This information can aid conservation biologists in deciding which species to save from extinction. It is ultimately the preservation of phylogenetic diversity which will create a complete and balanced ecosystem.<br><br>Evolutionary Theory<br><br>The central theme of evolution is that organisms acquire different features over time based on their interactions with their environments. Several theories of evolutionary change have been proposed by a wide variety of scientists including the Islamic naturalist Nasir al-Din al-Tusi (1201-1274) who believed that an organism would evolve slowly according to its requirements as well as the Swedish botanist Carolus Linnaeus (1707-1778) who designed modern hierarchical taxonomy, and  [https://hikvisiondb.webcam/wiki/What_Is_The_Reason_Why_Evolution_Casino_Are_So_Helpful_For_COVID19 에볼루션 코리아] Jean-Baptiste Lamarck (1744-1829) who suggested that use or disuse of traits causes changes that can be passed onto offspring.<br><br>In the 1930s and 1940s, theories from various fields, including genetics, natural selection and particulate inheritance - came together to form the modern evolutionary theory synthesis that explains how evolution happens through the variations of genes within a population and how those variations change over time due to natural selection. This model, which encompasses mutations, genetic drift in gene flow, and sexual selection is mathematically described.<br><br>Recent discoveries in the field of evolutionary developmental biology have demonstrated that genetic variation can be introduced into a species via genetic drift, mutation, and reshuffling of genes in sexual reproduction, and also by migration between populations. These processes, as well as others such as directional selection or genetic erosion (changes in the frequency of an individual's genotype over time) can lead to evolution, which is defined by change in the genome of the species over time, and also the change in phenotype over time (the expression of that genotype in the individual).<br><br>Incorporating evolutionary thinking into all areas of biology education could increase students' understanding of phylogeny and evolutionary. In a recent study by Grunspan and colleagues. It was found that teaching students about the evidence for  [https://vincent-fink.hubstack.net/from-all-over-the-web-20-fabulous-infographics-about-free-evolution/ 에볼루션바카라] evolution boosted their understanding of evolution in a college-level course in biology. For more details on how to teach about evolution look up The Evolutionary Potency in all Areas of Biology or Thinking Evolutionarily: a Framework for Infusing Evolution into Life Sciences Education.<br><br>Evolution in Action<br><br>Scientists have studied evolution by looking in the past--analyzing fossils and comparing species. They also study living organisms. Evolution isn't a flims moment; it is a process that continues today. Bacteria mutate and resist antibiotics,  [https://www.metooo.it/u/676b3fdd52a62011e8587027 에볼루션 무료체험] ([https://www.metooo.io/u/676b9058b4f59c1178d6e464 Www.Metooo.Io]) viruses reinvent themselves and escape new drugs and animals alter their behavior to a changing planet. The results are usually visible.<br><br>It wasn't until late-1980s that biologists realized that natural selection could be seen in action, as well. The key is the fact that different traits confer an individual rate of survival as well as reproduction, and may be passed down from one generation to another.<br><br>In the past when one particular allele, the genetic sequence that determines coloration--appeared in a population of interbreeding organisms, it could quickly become more common than the other alleles. As time passes, that could mean the number of black moths within a population could increase. The same is true for many other characteristics--including morphology and behavior--that vary among populations of organisms.<br><br>It is easier to observe evolution when an organism, like bacteria, has a rapid generation turnover. Since 1988, Richard Lenski, a biologist, has tracked twelve populations of E.coli that are descended from a single strain. Samples of each population have been taken regularly, and more than 50,000 generations of E.coli have passed.<br><br>Lenski's work has shown that mutations can alter the rate at which change occurs and the efficiency of a population's reproduction. It also proves that evolution takes time--a fact that some find hard to accept.<br><br>Another example of microevolution is the way mosquito genes that are resistant to pesticides show up more often in areas where insecticides are employed. This is due to pesticides causing an enticement that favors those who have resistant genotypes.<br><br>The rapidity of evolution has led to a greater appreciation of its importance particularly in a world that is largely shaped by human activity. This includes climate change, pollution, and habitat loss that prevents many species from adapting. Understanding the evolution process can help us make better choices about the future of our planet, and the lives of its inhabitants.