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The Academy's Evolution Site<br><br>The concept of biological evolution is a fundamental concept in biology. The Academies have long been involved in helping people who are interested in science understand the concept of evolution and how it influences all areas of scientific exploration.<br><br>This site provides teachers, students and general readers with a range of learning resources about evolution. It has the most important video clips from NOVA and the WGBH-produced science programs on DVD.<br><br>Tree of Life<br><br>The Tree of Life is an ancient symbol of the interconnectedness of all life. It appears in many cultures and spiritual beliefs as a symbol of unity and love. It also has many practical uses, like providing a framework to understand the evolution of species and how they respond to changes in the environment.<br><br>Early attempts to describe the biological world were built on categorizing organisms based on their metabolic and physical characteristics. These methods, which depend on the sampling of different parts of organisms, or  [http://lzdsxxb.com/home.php?mod=space&uid=3720271 에볼루션 바카라 사이트] DNA fragments, have significantly increased the diversity of a tree of Life2. These trees are largely composed of eukaryotes, while bacterial diversity is vastly underrepresented3,4.<br><br>By avoiding the necessity for direct observation and experimentation, genetic techniques have made it possible to depict the Tree of Life in a much more accurate way. Particularly, molecular methods enable us to create trees by using sequenced markers such as the small subunit ribosomal gene.<br><br>Despite the dramatic growth of the Tree of Life through genome sequencing, a lot of biodiversity remains to be discovered. This is especially relevant to microorganisms that are difficult to cultivate, and which are usually only present in a single sample5. A recent analysis of all genomes resulted in a rough draft of the Tree of Life. This includes a wide range of archaea, bacteria and other organisms that haven't yet been identified or the diversity of which is not well understood6.<br><br>The expanded Tree of Life can be used to determine the diversity of a particular area and determine if particular habitats require special protection. This information can be utilized in a variety of ways, from identifying the most effective treatments to fight disease to improving crop yields. This information is also extremely valuable in conservation efforts. It helps biologists discover areas most likely to be home to cryptic species, which may have vital metabolic functions and are susceptible to changes caused by humans. While funds to protect biodiversity are essential, the best way to conserve the world's biodiversity is to empower more people in developing nations with the knowledge they need to act locally and support conservation.<br><br>Phylogeny<br><br>A phylogeny (also known as an evolutionary tree) illustrates the relationship between species. By using molecular information, morphological similarities and differences, or ontogeny (the course of development of an organism) scientists can construct an phylogenetic tree that demonstrates the evolutionary relationship between taxonomic groups. The role of phylogeny is crucial in understanding the relationship between genetics, biodiversity and evolution.<br><br>A basic phylogenetic tree (see Figure PageIndex 10 ) determines the relationship between organisms that share similar traits that evolved from common ancestors. These shared traits could be either analogous or homologous. Homologous characteristics are identical in their evolutionary paths. Analogous traits may look similar however they do not share the same origins. Scientists group similar traits together into a grouping called a the clade. Every organism in a group have a common characteristic, like amniotic egg production. They all derived from an ancestor who had these eggs. A phylogenetic tree can be constructed by connecting the clades to identify the species who are the closest to one another. <br><br>For a more detailed and accurate phylogenetic tree scientists use molecular data from DNA or RNA to identify the connections between organisms. This data is more precise than morphological information and provides evidence of the evolutionary history of an organism or group. The analysis of molecular data can help researchers determine the number of organisms that share the same ancestor and estimate their evolutionary age.<br><br>The phylogenetic relationships of a species can be affected by a variety of factors such as the phenomenon of phenotypicplasticity. This is a kind of behaviour that can change as a result of specific environmental conditions. This can cause a trait to appear more similar to a species than to another which can obscure the phylogenetic signal. This problem can be addressed by using cladistics, which incorporates the combination of homologous and analogous features in the tree.<br><br>Additionally, phylogenetics aids determine the duration and speed at which speciation occurs. This information will assist conservation biologists in making choices about which species to safeguard from disappearance. In the end, it's the preservation of phylogenetic diversity that will lead to an ecosystem that is complete and balanced.<br><br>Evolutionary Theory<br><br>The fundamental concept in evolution is that organisms change over time due to their interactions with their environment. A variety of theories about evolution have been proposed by a wide variety of scientists, including the Islamic naturalist Nasir al-Din al-Tusi (1201-1274) who believed that an organism would evolve slowly according to its needs, the Swedish botanist Carolus Linnaeus (1707-1778) who conceived the modern hierarchical taxonomy Jean-Baptiste Lamarck (1744-1829) who suggested that use or disuse of traits cause changes that could be passed on to offspring.<br><br>In the 1930s and 1940s, theories from a variety of fields -- including natural selection, genetics, and particulate inheritance - came together to form the current evolutionary theory which explains how evolution occurs through the variation of genes within a population and how those variants change over time due to natural selection. This model, known as genetic drift or mutation, gene flow, and sexual selection,  [https://marvelvsdc.faith/wiki/5_Things_Everyone_Gets_Wrong_In_Regards_To_Evolution_Baccarat 에볼루션코리아] is the foundation of the current evolutionary biology and is mathematically described.<br><br>Recent developments in the field of evolutionary developmental biology have revealed that variation can be introduced into a species via genetic drift, mutation, and reshuffling genes during sexual reproduction, as well as through migration between populations. These processes, along with others like directional selection and genetic erosion (changes in the frequency of the genotype over time) can lead to evolution which is defined by change in the genome of the species over time, and also by changes in phenotype over time (the expression of that genotype within the individual).<br><br>Students can gain a better understanding of phylogeny by incorporating evolutionary thinking in all aspects of biology. In a recent study by Grunspan et al. It was demonstrated that teaching students about the evidence for evolution boosted their acceptance of evolution during the course of a college biology. To learn more about how to teach about evolution, read The Evolutionary Potential of all Areas of Biology and Thinking Evolutionarily: A Framework for Infusing the Concept of Evolution into Life Sciences Education.<br><br>Evolution in Action<br><br>Traditionally scientists have studied evolution through looking back, studying fossils, comparing species, and observing living organisms. However, evolution isn't something that occurred in the past; it's an ongoing process that is taking place in the present. Viruses reinvent themselves to avoid new medications and bacteria mutate to resist antibiotics. Animals alter their behavior in the wake of the changing environment. The results are usually evident.<br><br>But it wasn't until the late 1980s that biologists realized that natural selection can be seen in action, as well. The key is that different traits confer different rates of survival and reproduction (differential fitness) and can be passed down from one generation to the next.<br><br>In the past, if a certain allele - the genetic sequence that determines color - was present in a population of organisms that interbred, it might become more common than other allele. Over time, this would mean that the number of moths that have black pigmentation in a population may increase. 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Samples from each population have been taken regularly, and more than 500.000 generations of E.coli have passed.<br><br>Lenski's work has demonstrated that mutations can drastically alter the speed at which a population reproduces and, consequently the rate at which it alters. It also proves that evolution takes time, a fact that some find hard to accept.<br><br>Microevolution is also evident in the fact that mosquito genes that confer resistance to pesticides are more common in populations that have used insecticides. That's because the use of pesticides causes a selective pressure that favors people with resistant genotypes.<br><br>The speed at which evolution takes place has led to a growing awareness of its significance in a world shaped by human activities, including climate change, pollution, and the loss of habitats that hinder many species from adapting. Understanding evolution can help us make smarter decisions regarding the future of our planet, and the lives of its inhabitants.