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What is Free Evolution?<br><br>Free evolution is the concept that natural processes can cause organisms to evolve over time. This includes the evolution of new species and alteration of the appearance of existing species.<br><br>This has been demonstrated by numerous examples, [https://imslp.org/api.php?action=https://evolutionkr.kr/ ์๋ณผ๋ฃจ์ ์นด์ง๋ ธ]๋ฐ์นด๋ผ - [https://makoweb.ru:443/bitrix/redirect.php?goto=https://evolutionkr.kr/ https://makoweb.ru/] - including stickleback fish varieties that can live in fresh or saltwater and [https://k-milena.ru/bitrix/rk.php?id=17&site_id=s1&event1=banner&event2=click&goto=https://evolutionkr.kr/ ์๋ณผ๋ฃจ์ ์ฌ์ดํธ] walking stick insect varieties that are apprehensive about specific host plants. These mostly reversible traits permutations cannot explain fundamental changes to the body's basic plans.<br><br>Evolution through Natural Selection<br><br>Scientists have been fascinated by the development of all the living creatures that live on our planet for ages. Charles Darwin's natural selection theory is the best-established explanation. This is because people who are more well-adapted survive and reproduce more than those who are less well-adapted. Over time, the population of well-adapted individuals grows and eventually creates an entirely new species.<br><br>Natural selection is an ongoing process that involves the interaction of three elements: variation, inheritance and reproduction. Variation is caused by mutations and sexual reproduction, both of which increase the genetic diversity within the species. Inheritance is the term used to describe the transmission of a person's genetic traits, which include both dominant and recessive genes, to their offspring. Reproduction is the production of fertile, viable offspring, which includes both sexual and asexual methods.<br><br>Natural selection can only occur when all these elements are in balance. For example the case where an allele that is dominant at the gene can cause an organism to live and reproduce more often than the recessive allele the dominant allele will be more common within the population. If the allele confers a negative survival advantage or reduces the fertility of the population, [https://www.uplab.ru/bitrix/redirect.php?event1=click_to_call&event2=&event3=&goto=https://evolutionkr.kr/ ์๋ณผ๋ฃจ์ ๊ฒ์ด๋ฐ] it will disappear. The process is self-reinforcing, which means that the organism with an adaptive trait will survive and reproduce more quickly than one with a maladaptive characteristic. The more offspring an organism produces, the greater its fitness which is measured by its ability to reproduce itself and survive. People with desirable characteristics, like having a longer neck in giraffes, or bright white patterns of color in male peacocks are more likely be able to survive and create offspring, which means they will become the majority of the population over time.<br><br>Natural selection only affects populations, not individuals. This is a major distinction from the Lamarckian evolution theory that states that animals acquire traits through usage or inaction. For instance, if the giraffe's neck gets longer through reaching out to catch prey its offspring will inherit a larger neck. The differences in neck size between generations will increase until the giraffe is no longer able to breed with other giraffes.<br><br>Evolution by Genetic Drift<br><br>Genetic drift occurs when alleles from a gene are randomly distributed in a group. Eventually, only one will be fixed (become widespread enough to not longer be eliminated through natural selection), and the other alleles diminish in frequency. This can result in an allele that is dominant in the extreme. The other alleles are essentially eliminated, and heterozygosity decreases to zero. In a small population, this could lead to the total elimination of recessive alleles. Such a scenario would be called a bottleneck effect, and it is typical of evolutionary process when a lot of individuals move to form a new group.<br><br>A phenotypic bottleneck may occur when the survivors of a catastrophe like an epidemic or a massive hunting event, are concentrated into a small area. The remaining individuals will be mostly homozygous for the dominant allele, which means they will all have the same phenotype, and [https://trikatushki.ru/bitrix/redirect.php?goto=https://evolutionkr.kr/ ์๋ณผ๋ฃจ์ ๊ฒ์ด๋ฐ] consequently have the same fitness characteristics. This situation could be caused by earthquakes, war or even plagues. Regardless of the cause the genetically distinct group that remains is prone to genetic drift.<br><br>Walsh Lewens, Walsh and Ariew define drift as a departure from the expected values due to differences in fitness. They give the famous example of twins that are genetically identical and share the same phenotype. However, one is struck by lightning and dies, whereas the other continues to reproduce.<br><br>This kind of drift could be crucial in the evolution of an entire species. But, it's not the only way to evolve. The most common alternative is a process known as natural selection, where the phenotypic diversity of an individual is maintained through mutation and migration.<br><br>Stephens argues that there is a major difference between treating the phenomenon of drift as a force or a cause and considering other causes of evolution like selection, mutation and migration as forces or causes. He claims that a causal process explanation of drift allows us to distinguish it from the other forces, and that this distinction is crucial. He also argues that drift has a direction: that is, it tends to eliminate heterozygosity, and that it also has a specific magnitude that is determined by the size of the population.<br><br>Evolution through Lamarckism<br><br>Biology students in high school are often exposed to Jean-Baptiste lamarck's (1744-1829) work. His theory of evolution, often referred to as "Lamarckism, states that simple organisms develop into more complex organisms through taking on traits that are a product of the use and abuse of an organism. Lamarckism is typically illustrated by an image of a giraffe extending its neck longer to reach higher up in the trees. This process would cause giraffes to pass on their longer necks to offspring, which then grow even taller.<br><br>Lamarck, a French Zoologist, introduced an idea that was revolutionary in his opening lecture at the Museum of Natural History of Paris. He challenged the previous thinking on organic transformation. In his opinion living things evolved from inanimate matter through a series of gradual steps. Lamarck was not the only one to suggest that this could be the case but his reputation is widely regarded as being the one who gave the subject its first general and comprehensive treatment.<br><br>The dominant story is that Charles Darwin's theory of evolution by natural selection and Lamarckism were competing during the 19th century. Darwinism eventually prevailed and led to the creation of what biologists now call the Modern Synthesis. This theory denies that traits acquired through evolution can be inherited, and instead, it argues that organisms develop by the symbiosis of environmental factors, such as natural selection.<br><br>While Lamarck supported the notion of inheritance by acquired characters and his contemporaries offered a few words about this idea but it was not a central element in any of their evolutionary theorizing. This is partly because it was never scientifically validated.<br><br>It's been over 200 year since Lamarck's birth and in the field of genomics, there is an increasing evidence base that supports the heritability acquired characteristics. This is often referred to as "neo-Lamarckism" or, more commonly epigenetic inheritance. It is a form of evolution that is as valid as the more popular Neo-Darwinian theory.<br><br>Evolution by adaptation<br><br>One of the most common misconceptions about evolution is that it is being driven by a struggle for survival. This notion is not true and overlooks other forces that drive evolution. The struggle for existence is more accurately described as a struggle to survive in a particular environment. This may be a challenge for not just other living things, but also the physical environment itself.<br><br>Understanding how adaptation works is essential to understand evolution. Adaptation is any feature that allows a living organism to survive in its environment and reproduce. It could be a physical structure such as feathers or fur. It could also be a trait of behavior such as moving to the shade during the heat, or escaping the cold at night.<br><br>The capacity of an organism to draw energy from its environment and interact with other organisms and their physical environment is essential to its survival. The organism needs to have the right genes to produce offspring, and must be able to locate sufficient food and other resources. The organism must also be able reproduce at the rate that is suitable for its specific niche.<br><br>These factors, together with mutations and gene flow, can lead to changes in the proportion of different alleles within the gene pool of a population. Over time, this change in allele frequency can result in the emergence of new traits and ultimately new species.<br><br>Many of the characteristics we admire about animals and plants are adaptations, such as lungs or gills to extract oxygen from the air, feathers or fur to provide insulation and long legs for running away from predators and camouflage to hide. However, a thorough understanding of adaptation requires a keen eye to the distinction between behavioral and physiological characteristics.<br><br>Physiological traits like large gills and thick fur are physical traits. Behavioral adaptations are not, such as the tendency of animals to seek companionship or move into the shade during hot weather. It is important to keep in mind that insufficient planning does not cause an adaptation. In fact, failing to think about the implications of a behavior can make it unadaptive despite the fact that it might appear sensible or even necessary.
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