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The Academy's Evolution Site<br><br>Biology is a key concept in biology. The Academies have been for a long time involved in helping people who are interested in science understand the theory of evolution and how it permeates all areas of scientific research.<br><br>This site provides students, teachers and general readers with a variety of learning resources about evolution. It includes key video clip from NOVA and WGBH produced science programs on DVD.<br><br>Tree of Life<br><br>The Tree of Life is an ancient symbol that symbolizes the interconnectedness of all life. It appears in many spiritual traditions and cultures as a symbol of unity and love. It has numerous practical applications as well, including providing a framework to understand the history of species and how they respond to changing environmental conditions.<br><br>Early approaches to depicting the biological world focused on the classification of species into distinct categories that were distinguished by physical and metabolic characteristics1. These methods, based on sampling of different parts of living organisms or on short fragments of their DNA significantly increased the variety that could be included in a tree of life2. However, these trees are largely made up of eukaryotes. Bacterial diversity is not represented in a large way3,4.<br><br>Genetic techniques have greatly broadened our ability to represent the Tree of Life by circumventing the requirement for direct observation and experimentation. In particular, molecular methods enable us to create trees using sequenced markers such as the small subunit ribosomal gene.<br><br>The Tree of Life has been dramatically expanded through genome sequencing. However there is still a lot of diversity to be discovered. This is particularly true for microorganisms, which can be difficult to cultivate and are typically only represented in a single specimen5. A recent analysis of all genomes that are known has produced a rough draft of the Tree of Life, including numerous bacteria and archaea that are not isolated and which are not well understood.<br><br>The expanded Tree of Life can be used to evaluate the biodiversity of a specific area and determine if specific habitats require special protection. This information can be utilized in a variety of ways, such as finding new drugs, fighting diseases and enhancing crops. It is also beneficial to conservation efforts. It can help biologists identify areas that are most likely to have cryptic species, which could perform important metabolic functions and  [http://119.3.29.177:3000/evolution8734/7423evolution/wiki/Five-Killer-Quora-Answers-On-Evolution-Free-Experience 에볼루션 카지노 사이트] are susceptible to changes caused by humans. Although funds to protect biodiversity are essential, ultimately the best way to protect the world's biodiversity is for more people in developing countries to be equipped with the knowledge to act locally to promote conservation from within.<br><br>Phylogeny<br><br>A phylogeny, also called an evolutionary tree, reveals the relationships between various groups of organisms. Utilizing molecular data similarities and differences in morphology, or ontogeny (the process of the development of an organism) scientists can create a phylogenetic tree that illustrates the evolutionary relationships between taxonomic categories. Phylogeny is essential in understanding biodiversity, evolution and genetics.<br><br>A basic phylogenetic Tree (see Figure PageIndex 10 Determines the relationship between organisms with similar traits and evolved from a common ancestor. These shared traits could be either homologous or analogous. Homologous characteristics are identical in terms of their evolutionary path. Analogous traits might appear similar, but they do not have the same origins. Scientists arrange similar traits into a grouping known as a Clade. For instance, all the organisms in a clade share the trait of having amniotic egg and evolved from a common ancestor which had eggs. The clades then join to form a phylogenetic branch to identify organisms that have the closest connection to each other. <br><br>For a more precise and accurate phylogenetic tree scientists make use of molecular data from DNA or RNA to establish the relationships between organisms. This information is more precise and provides evidence of the evolution of an organism. Molecular data allows researchers to determine the number of organisms that have a common ancestor and to estimate their evolutionary age.<br><br>The phylogenetic relationships of organisms are influenced by many factors,  [https://git.softuniq.eu/evolution2269 에볼루션 코리아] including phenotypic plasticity an aspect of behavior that changes in response to unique environmental conditions. This can cause a trait to appear more similar to one species than another, obscuring the phylogenetic signal. This problem can be mitigated by using cladistics. This is a method that incorporates an amalgamation of analogous and homologous features in the tree.<br><br>In addition, phylogenetics helps determine the duration and speed at which speciation takes place. This information can assist conservation biologists make decisions about which species to protect from extinction. In the end, it's the preservation of phylogenetic diversity that will result in an ecologically balanced and complete ecosystem.<br><br>Evolutionary Theory<br><br>The central theme in evolution is that organisms change over time due to their interactions with their environment. A variety of theories about evolution have been proposed by a wide range of scientists, including the Islamic naturalist Nasir al-Din al-Tusi (1201-1274) who believed that an organism would evolve gradually according to its requirements as well as the Swedish botanist Carolus Linnaeus (1707-1778) who designed the modern hierarchical taxonomy, as well as Jean-Baptiste Lamarck (1744-1829) who suggested that the use or misuse of traits can cause changes that could be passed on to offspring.<br><br>In the 1930s and 1940s, ideas from a variety of fields--including genetics, natural selection, and particulate inheritance--came together to create the modern evolutionary theory which explains how evolution occurs through the variations of genes within a population and how those variations change in time as a result of natural selection. This model, which encompasses genetic drift, mutations in gene flow, and sexual selection is mathematically described.<br><br>Recent discoveries in evolutionary developmental biology have demonstrated how variations can be introduced to a species via genetic drift, mutations, reshuffling genes during sexual reproduction and the movement between populations. These processes, along with others, such as directionally-selected selection and erosion of genes (changes in frequency of genotypes over time) can result in evolution. Evolution is defined by changes in the genome over time, as well as changes in the phenotype (the expression of genotypes in individuals).<br><br>Students can better understand phylogeny by incorporating evolutionary thinking throughout all areas of biology. A recent study by Grunspan and colleagues, for instance revealed that teaching students about the evidence supporting evolution increased students' understanding of evolution in a college biology course. For more information on how to teach evolution, see The Evolutionary Power of Biology in all Areas of Biology or Thinking Evolutionarily as a Framework for Infusing Evolution into Life Sciences Education.<br><br>Evolution in Action<br><br>Scientists have traditionally looked at evolution through the past--analyzing fossils and comparing species. They also study living organisms. Evolution is not a past event, but a process that continues today. Viruses reinvent themselves to avoid new drugs and bacteria evolve to resist antibiotics. Animals alter their behavior in the wake of a changing world. The changes that result are often visible.<br><br>It wasn't until late 1980s that biologists began realize that natural selection was at work. The key is that different traits confer different rates of survival and reproduction (differential fitness) and are passed down from one generation to the next.<br><br>In the past, if an allele - the genetic sequence that determines colour was present in a population of organisms that interbred, it could be more common than any other allele. In time, this could mean that the number of moths with black pigmentation in a population could increase. The same is true for many other characteristics--including morphology and  [https://git.geobretagne.fr/evolution2751 에볼루션 카지노] behavior--that vary among populations of organisms.<br><br>It is easier to see evolution when the species, like bacteria, has a high generation turnover. Since 1988, Richard Lenski, a biologist, has studied twelve populations of E.coli that are descended from a single strain. The samples of each population have been collected regularly and more than 500.000 generations of E.coli have passed.<br><br>Lenski's work has shown that mutations can alter the rate at which change occurs and the rate of a population's reproduction. It also shows evolution takes time, which is hard for some to accept.<br><br>Another example of microevolution is that mosquito genes that confer resistance to pesticides appear more frequently in populations where insecticides are used. This is because pesticides cause a selective pressure which favors individuals who have resistant genotypes.<br><br>The rapid pace at which evolution takes place has led to an increasing appreciation of its importance in a world that is shaped by human activity--including climate changes, pollution and the loss of habitats that prevent many species from adjusting. 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