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The Academy's Evolution Site<br><br>Biology is one of the most central concepts in biology. The Academies have been for a long time involved in helping those interested in science understand the concept of evolution and how it affects every area of scientific inquiry.<br><br>This site provides students, teachers and general readers with a variety of learning resources about evolution. It also includes important video clips from NOVA and WGBH produced science programs on DVD.<br><br>Tree of Life<br><br>The Tree of Life, an ancient symbol, symbolizes the interconnectedness of all life. It is an emblem of love and unity across many cultures. It has many practical applications as well, such as providing a framework for understanding the history of species, and how they react to changes in environmental conditions.<br><br>The first attempts to depict the biological world were built on categorizing organisms based on their metabolic and  [https://www.nlvbang.com/home.php?mod=space&uid=903230 에볼루션 슬롯] 바카라 ([http://www.jzq5.cn/space-uid-279920.html simply click fewpal.com]) physical characteristics. These methods, which rely on the sampling of various parts of living organisms, or sequences of short fragments of their DNA, significantly expanded the diversity that could be represented in the tree of life2. The trees are mostly composed of eukaryotes, while bacteria are largely underrepresented3,4.<br><br>By avoiding the need for direct observation and experimentation, genetic techniques have made it possible to depict the Tree of Life in a more precise manner. Particularly, molecular techniques enable us to create trees using sequenced markers, such as the small subunit ribosomal gene.<br><br>Despite the rapid expansion of the Tree of Life through genome sequencing, a large amount of biodiversity awaits discovery. This is particularly true for microorganisms that are difficult to cultivate and are usually only found in a single sample5. A recent study of all genomes known to date has produced a rough draft version of the Tree of Life, including many bacteria and archaea that are not isolated and their diversity is not fully understood6.<br><br>The expanded Tree of Life can be used to determine the diversity of a specific region and determine if particular habitats need special protection. This information can be utilized in a variety of ways, including identifying new drugs, combating diseases and improving the quality of crops. This information is also beneficial in conservation efforts. It helps biologists discover areas that are most likely to be home to cryptic species, which may have vital metabolic functions and are susceptible to the effects of human activity. While conservation funds are important, the most effective method to protect the biodiversity of the world is to equip more people in developing countries with the information they require to take action locally and encourage conservation.<br><br>Phylogeny<br><br>A phylogeny, also known as an evolutionary tree, shows the relationships between various groups of organisms. By using molecular information as well as morphological similarities and distinctions, or ontogeny (the course of development of an organism), scientists can build a phylogenetic tree that illustrates the evolutionary relationships between taxonomic groups. Phylogeny plays a crucial role in understanding biodiversity, genetics and evolution.<br><br>A basic phylogenetic tree (see Figure PageIndex 10 Identifies the relationships between organisms with similar traits and have evolved from an ancestor that shared traits. These shared traits are either homologous or analogous. Homologous traits are the same in terms of their evolutionary paths. Analogous traits may look similar, but they do not have the same ancestry. Scientists organize similar traits into a grouping called a clade. All members of a clade have a common characteristic, like amniotic egg production. They all came from an ancestor who had these eggs. A phylogenetic tree is then built by connecting the clades to identify the organisms which are the closest to one another. <br><br>For a more precise and accurate phylogenetic tree scientists use molecular data from DNA or RNA to establish the relationships between organisms. This data is more precise than morphological data and provides evidence of the evolution background of an organism or group. Researchers can use Molecular Data to estimate the age of evolution of living organisms and discover how many species have an ancestor  [https://www.aupeopleweb.com.au/au/home.php?mod=space&uid=1033436 바카라 에볼루션]게이밍 ([https://fewpal.com/post/1434546_https-ferrychance56-werite-net-three-reasons-why-your-baccarat-evolution-is-brok.html sneak a peek at this web-site.]) common to all.<br><br>The phylogenetic relationships of organisms are influenced by many factors including phenotypic plasticity, a type of behavior  [https://shapiro-klemmensen-2.federatedjournals.com/ten-evolution-baccarat-site-myths-you-shouldnt-share-on-twitter/ 에볼루션 바카라 무료체험] that alters in response to specific environmental conditions. This can cause a characteristic to appear more similar to one species than to another and obscure the phylogenetic signals. However, this problem can be reduced by the use of methods such as cladistics that include a mix of homologous and analogous features into the tree.<br><br>Additionally, phylogenetics can help determine the duration and rate at which speciation takes place. This information can assist conservation biologists in deciding which species to safeguard from disappearance. Ultimately, it is the preservation of phylogenetic diversity which will lead to a complete and balanced ecosystem.<br><br>Evolutionary Theory<br><br>The central theme of evolution is that organisms acquire various characteristics over time based on their interactions with their environment. Many scientists have come up with theories of evolution, including the Islamic naturalist Nasir al-Din al-Tusi (1201-274), who believed that an organism would evolve according to its own requirements as well as the Swedish taxonomist Carolus Linnaeus (1707-1778), who created the modern hierarchical system of taxonomy, as well as Jean-Baptiste Lamarck (1844-1829), who suggested that the use or non-use of traits can cause changes that are passed on to the<br><br>In the 1930s and 1940s, ideas from a variety of fields -- including genetics, natural selection and particulate inheritance -- came together to create the modern evolutionary theory synthesis, which defines how evolution happens through the variation of genes within a population and how these variants change over time due to natural selection. This model, known as genetic drift, mutation, gene flow, and sexual selection, is a key element of current evolutionary biology, and can be mathematically explained.<br><br>Recent advances in evolutionary developmental biology have shown the ways in which variation can be introduced to a species through genetic drift, mutations and reshuffling of genes during sexual reproduction and migration between populations. These processes, along with others, such as directionally-selected selection and erosion of genes (changes to the frequency of genotypes over time) can lead to evolution. Evolution is defined by changes in the genome over time, as well as changes in phenotype (the expression of genotypes within individuals).<br><br>Students can better understand the concept of phylogeny by using evolutionary thinking into all areas of biology. In a recent study conducted by Grunspan et al. It was demonstrated that teaching students about the evidence for evolution boosted their understanding of evolution during an undergraduate biology course. To learn more about how to teach about evolution, please read The Evolutionary Potential in All Areas of Biology and Thinking Evolutionarily: A Framework for Infusing the Concept of Evolution into Life Sciences Education.<br><br>Evolution in Action<br><br>Traditionally scientists have studied evolution through looking back--analyzing fossils, comparing species and observing living organisms. Evolution is not a past event, but an ongoing process that continues to be observed today. The virus reinvents itself to avoid new antibiotics and bacteria transform to resist antibiotics. Animals adapt their behavior in the wake of a changing world. The changes that result are often evident.<br><br>It wasn't until late 1980s when biologists began to realize that natural selection was at work. The main reason is that different traits confer a different rate of survival and reproduction, and can be passed down from one generation to the next.<br><br>In the past, if an allele - the genetic sequence that determines color - appeared in a population of organisms that interbred, it could become more common than other allele. As time passes, this could mean that the number of moths sporting black pigmentation could increase. The same is true for many other characteristics--including morphology and behavior--that vary among populations of organisms.<br><br>It is easier to track evolutionary change when the species, like bacteria, has a high generation turnover. Since 1988, Richard Lenski, a biologist, has tracked twelve populations of E.coli that descend from a single strain. The samples of each population have been collected frequently and more than 500.000 generations of E.coli have been observed to have passed.<br><br>Lenski's research has revealed that mutations can alter the rate at which change occurs and the rate of a population's reproduction. It also demonstrates that evolution takes time, a fact that some people find hard to accept.<br><br>Another example of microevolution is the way mosquito genes that confer resistance to pesticides appear more frequently in areas in which insecticides are utilized. That's because the use of pesticides causes a selective pressure that favors those with resistant genotypes.<br><br>The speed of evolution taking place has led to an increasing awareness of its significance in a world that is shaped by human activity, including climate change, pollution, and the loss of habitats that prevent many species from adapting. Understanding the evolution process will help you make better decisions about the future of the planet and its inhabitants.