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The Academy's Evolution Site<br><br>Biology is one of the most important concepts in biology. The Academies are committed to helping those who are interested in science to learn about the theory of evolution and how it can be applied throughout all fields of scientific research.<br><br>This site provides teachers, students and general readers with a variety of learning resources about evolution. It contains key video clips from NOVA and the WGBH-produced science programs on DVD.<br><br>Tree of Life<br><br>The Tree of Life is an ancient symbol that symbolizes the interconnectedness of life. It is used in many cultures and spiritual beliefs as a symbol of unity and love. It can be used in many practical ways as well, including providing a framework for understanding the history of species and how they react to changes in environmental conditions.<br><br>The first attempts at depicting the world of biology focused on categorizing organisms into distinct categories which had been distinguished by their physical and metabolic characteristics1. These methods depend on the sampling of different parts of organisms, or DNA fragments, have significantly increased the diversity of a Tree of Life2. However these trees are mainly comprised of eukaryotes, and bacterial diversity is still largely unrepresented3,4.<br><br>In avoiding the necessity of direct experimentation and observation genetic techniques have allowed us to represent the Tree of Life in a more precise way. We can construct trees using molecular methods such as the small subunit ribosomal gene.<br><br>Despite the dramatic expansion of the Tree of Life through genome sequencing, a lot of biodiversity awaits discovery. This is especially the case for microorganisms which are difficult to cultivate, and are typically present in a single sample5. A recent analysis of all known genomes has produced a rough draft version of the Tree of Life, including a large number of bacteria and archaea that have not been isolated and their diversity is not fully understood6.<br><br>The expanded Tree of Life can be used to assess the biodiversity of a specific area and determine if specific habitats need special protection. The information is useful in a variety of ways, such as identifying new drugs, combating diseases and enhancing crops. It is also beneficial for conservation efforts. It helps biologists determine those areas that are most likely contain cryptic species that could have important metabolic functions that could be at risk of anthropogenic changes. While funds to protect biodiversity are important, the best method to protect the world's biodiversity is to equip more people in developing countries with the necessary knowledge to act locally and promote conservation.<br><br>Phylogeny<br><br>A phylogeny (also called an evolutionary tree) illustrates the relationship between different organisms. Utilizing molecular data as well as morphological similarities and distinctions, or ontogeny (the process of the development of an organism) scientists can construct a phylogenetic tree which illustrates the evolutionary relationships between taxonomic categories. The concept of phylogeny is fundamental to understanding evolution, biodiversity and genetics.<br><br>A basic phylogenetic Tree (see Figure PageIndex 10 ) is a method of identifying the relationships between organisms with similar traits that evolved from common ancestors. These shared traits are either analogous or homologous. Homologous traits are identical in their evolutionary origins while analogous traits appear like they do, but don't have the same origins. Scientists group similar traits together into a grouping called a Clade. All organisms in a group have a common trait, such as amniotic egg production. They all evolved from an ancestor that had these eggs. A phylogenetic tree is constructed by connecting the clades to determine the organisms which are the closest to one another. <br><br>Scientists utilize DNA or RNA molecular data to construct a phylogenetic graph that is more precise and detailed. This information is more precise and provides evidence of the evolution history of an organism. The analysis of molecular data can help researchers identify the number of organisms that share an ancestor common to them and estimate their evolutionary age.<br><br>The phylogenetic relationship can be affected by a variety of factors, including phenotypicplasticity. This is a type of behavior that alters as a result of unique environmental conditions. This can cause a characteristic to appear more similar to one species than another and obscure the phylogenetic signals. However, this problem can be cured by the use of methods such as cladistics which incorporate a combination of homologous and analogous features into the tree.<br><br>Additionally, phylogenetics can help predict the time and pace of speciation. This information can help conservation biologists decide the species they should safeguard from extinction. It is ultimately the preservation of phylogenetic diversity that will result in an ecosystem that is complete and balanced.<br><br>Evolutionary Theory<br><br>The main idea behind evolution is that organisms change over time as a result of their interactions with their environment. Many scientists have come up with theories of evolution, including the Islamic naturalist Nasir al-Din al-Tusi (1201-274), who believed that an organism would evolve according to its individual requirements and needs, the Swedish taxonomist Carolus Linnaeus (1707-1778), who created the modern hierarchical taxonomy and Jean-Baptiste Lamarck (1844-1829), who believed that the use or non-use of traits can lead to changes that are passed on to the next generation.<br><br>In the 1930s and 1940s,  [https://hikvisiondb.webcam/wiki/Sage_Advice_About_Evolution_Casino_From_An_Older_FiveYearOld 에볼루션바카라사이트] ideas from a variety of fields -- including genetics, natural selection, and particulate inheritance--came together to create the modern evolutionary theory which explains how evolution occurs through the variation of genes within a population, and how those variants change over time due to natural selection. This model, known as genetic drift mutation, gene flow and sexual selection, is a key element of current evolutionary biology, and is mathematically described.<br><br>Recent developments in evolutionary developmental biology have shown how variations can be introduced to a species through mutations, genetic drift or reshuffling of genes in sexual reproduction and the movement between populations. These processes, as well as others such as directionally-selected selection and erosion of genes (changes in frequency of genotypes over time), can lead towards evolution. Evolution is defined as changes in the genome over time and changes in phenotype (the expression of genotypes in individuals).<br><br>Students can gain a better understanding of the concept of phylogeny through incorporating evolutionary thinking in all aspects of biology. In a recent study by Grunspan and co., it was shown that teaching students about the evidence for evolution boosted their understanding of evolution in the course of a college biology. For more details on how to teach evolution read The Evolutionary Potential in all Areas of Biology or Thinking Evolutionarily A Framework for Integrating Evolution into Life Sciences Education.<br><br>Evolution in Action<br><br>Traditionally scientists have studied evolution by looking back--analyzing fossils, comparing species, and observing living organisms. Evolution is not a past event, but a process that continues today. Viruses reinvent themselves to avoid new drugs and bacteria evolve to resist antibiotics. Animals adapt their behavior  [https://fewpal.com/post/1434913_https-ai-db-science-wiki-what-is-the-reason-evolution-free-baccarat-is-the-right.html 에볼루션 슬롯] in the wake of the changing environment. The resulting changes are often evident.<br><br>But it wasn't until the late 1980s that biologists understood that natural selection could be observed in action as well. The key is that different characteristics result in different rates of survival and  [https://peatix.com/user/25198213 에볼루션 바카라] 무료 바카라; [https://wikimapia.org/external_link?url=http://italianculture.net/redir.php?url=https://evolutionkr.kr/ wikimapia.Org], reproduction (differential fitness) and are passed down from one generation to the next.<br><br>In the past, if an allele - the genetic sequence that determines colour - was present in a population of organisms that interbred, it could be more common than other allele. As time passes, this could mean that the number of moths with black pigmentation in a group may increase. The same is true for many other characteristics--including morphology and behavior--that vary among populations of organisms.<br><br>It is easier to see evolutionary change when an organism, like bacteria, has a rapid generation turnover. Since 1988, Richard Lenski, a biologist, has tracked twelve populations of E.coli that are descended from one strain. Samples from each population were taken regularly, and more than 500.000 generations of E.coli have been observed to have passed.<br><br>Lenski's work has shown that mutations can alter the rate of change and the effectiveness at which a population reproduces. It also shows that evolution takes time, a fact that some people find difficult to accept.<br><br>Microevolution can also be seen in the fact that mosquito genes for resistance to pesticides are more prevalent in areas where insecticides are used. This is because the use of pesticides causes a selective pressure that favors people with resistant genotypes.<br><br>The speed of evolution taking place has led to a growing recognition of its importance in a world shaped by human activity, including climate change, pollution and the loss of habitats which prevent the species from adapting. Understanding evolution will help us make better decisions about the future of our planet, and the life of its inhabitants.