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The Academy's Evolution Site<br><br>Biology is one of the most fundamental concepts in biology. The Academies have been active for a long time in helping people who are interested in science understand the theory of evolution and how it permeates all areas of scientific research.<br><br>This site provides a range of tools for students, teachers as well as general readers about evolution. It includes key video clip from NOVA and WGBH produced science programs on DVD.<br><br>Tree of Life<br><br>The Tree of Life is an ancient symbol of the interconnectedness of all life. It is an emblem of love and harmony in a variety of cultures. It also has many practical applications, such as providing a framework to understand the evolution of species and how they respond to changes in the environment.<br><br>Early approaches to depicting the world of biology focused on separating organisms into distinct categories which had been distinguished by their physical and metabolic characteristics1. These methods rely on the sampling of different parts of organisms, or fragments of DNA, have significantly increased the diversity of a tree of Life2. These trees are mostly populated by eukaryotes, and the diversity of bacterial species is greatly underrepresented3,4.<br><br>In avoiding the necessity of direct observation and experimentation genetic techniques have enabled us to represent the Tree of Life in a much more accurate way. We can create trees by using molecular methods, such as the small-subunit ribosomal gene.<br><br>The Tree of Life has been dramatically expanded through genome sequencing. However, there is still much diversity to be discovered. This is particularly true for microorganisms that are difficult to cultivate and are typically found in a single specimen5. A recent study of all known genomes has created a rough draft of the Tree of Life, including numerous archaea and bacteria that have not been isolated, and their diversity is not fully understood6.<br><br>The expanded Tree of Life is particularly useful in assessing the diversity of an area, helping to determine whether specific habitats require special protection. This information can be used in a variety of ways, from identifying new treatments to fight disease to improving the quality of crops. This information is also extremely useful for conservation efforts. It can aid biologists in identifying the areas most likely to contain cryptic species that could have important metabolic functions that could be at risk of anthropogenic changes. Although funds to safeguard biodiversity are vital but the most effective way to preserve the world's biodiversity is for more people living in developing countries to be empowered with the necessary knowledge to act locally in order to promote conservation from within.<br><br>Phylogeny<br><br>A phylogeny (also called an evolutionary tree) illustrates the relationship between organisms. Scientists can create a phylogenetic chart that shows the evolutionary relationships between taxonomic categories using molecular information and morphological differences or similarities. The phylogeny of a tree plays an important role in understanding biodiversity, genetics and evolution.<br><br>A basic phylogenetic Tree (see Figure PageIndex 10 Identifies the relationships between organisms that have similar traits and have evolved from a common ancestor. These shared traits are either homologous or analogous. Homologous characteristics are identical in terms of their evolutionary paths. Analogous traits may look similar, but they do not have the same origins. Scientists put similar traits into a grouping known as a Clade. Every organism in a group have a common characteristic, for example, amniotic egg production. They all evolved from an ancestor with these eggs. The clades are then linked to create a phylogenetic tree to determine which organisms have the closest relationship. <br><br>Scientists utilize DNA or RNA molecular data to build a phylogenetic chart that is more precise and precise. This data is more precise than morphological information and provides evidence of the evolutionary background of an organism or group. Researchers can use Molecular Data to estimate the evolutionary age of organisms and  에볼루션코리아 - [http://www.hondacityclub.com/all_new/home.php?mod=space&uid=2079485 www.hondacityclub.com] - identify how many species have a common ancestor.<br><br>The phylogenetic relationships between organisms can be affected by a variety of factors, including phenotypic flexibility, a type of behavior that alters in response to specific environmental conditions. This can cause a characteristic to appear more like a species other species, which can obscure the phylogenetic signal. However,  [http://mzzhao.com/space-uid-931983.html 에볼루션] 슬롯 ([https://borregaard-reyes-2.technetbloggers.de/everything-you-need-to-know-about-evolution-blackjack/ click]) this problem can be reduced by the use of techniques like cladistics, which include a mix of similar and homologous traits into the tree.<br><br>Additionally, phylogenetics can help determine the duration and speed of speciation. This information can aid conservation biologists in making decisions about which species to save from extinction. In the end, it's the preservation of phylogenetic diversity which will create a complete and balanced ecosystem.<br><br>Evolutionary Theory<br><br>The main idea behind evolution is that organisms acquire various characteristics over time due to their interactions with their environment. Many theories of evolution have been developed by a variety of scientists including the Islamic naturalist Nasir al-Din al-Tusi (1201-1274) who believed that an organism would evolve slowly in accordance with its requirements as well as the Swedish botanist Carolus Linnaeus (1707-1778) who designed the modern hierarchical taxonomy Jean-Baptiste Lamarck (1744-1829) who suggested that use or disuse of traits can cause changes that can be passed onto offspring.<br><br>In the 1930s and 1940s, concepts from various fields, including natural selection, genetics, and particulate inheritance -- came together to create the modern evolutionary theory that explains how evolution occurs through the variation of genes within a population, and how those variants change in time due to natural selection. This model, which incorporates mutations, genetic drift as well as gene flow and sexual selection is mathematically described mathematically.<br><br>Recent developments in the field of evolutionary developmental biology have demonstrated that genetic variation can be introduced into a species via mutation, genetic drift, and reshuffling of genes in sexual reproduction, and  [https://kingranks.com/author/polosalary5-1890679/ 에볼루션 코리아] 바카라 [http://delphi.larsbo.org/user/rubberquail9 무료 에볼루션] ([https://valetinowiki.racing/wiki/The_Most_Worst_Nightmare_Concerning_Free_Evolution_Get_Real Https://valetinowiki.racing/wiki/The_Most_Worst_Nightmare_Concerning_Free_Evolution_Get_Real]) also through migration between populations. These processes, along with others like directional selection and genetic erosion (changes in the frequency of an individual's genotype over time) can result in evolution, which is defined by changes in the genome of the species over time, and also by changes in phenotype as time passes (the expression of that genotype in the individual).<br><br>Students can better understand phylogeny by incorporating evolutionary thinking throughout all aspects of biology. In a recent study by Grunspan and colleagues. It was found that teaching students about the evidence for evolution boosted their acceptance of evolution during an undergraduate biology course. For more information on how to teach about evolution, see The Evolutionary Potential of all Areas of Biology and Thinking Evolutionarily: A Framework for Infusing Evolution in Life Sciences Education.<br><br>Evolution in Action<br><br>Traditionally scientists have studied evolution by looking back, studying fossils, comparing species and observing living organisms. But evolution isn't just something that happened in the past; it's an ongoing process that is taking place in the present. Viruses reinvent themselves to avoid new medications and bacteria mutate to resist antibiotics. Animals adapt their behavior because of a changing environment. The changes that result are often evident.<br><br>It wasn't until late 1980s that biologists understood that natural selection can be seen in action, as well. The key is the fact that different traits result in a different rate of survival as well as reproduction, and may be passed down from one generation to another.<br><br>In the past, if one particular allele--the genetic sequence that controls coloration - was present in a group of interbreeding species, it could quickly become more prevalent than the other alleles. Over time, this would mean that the number of moths that have black pigmentation in a group may increase. The same is true for many other characteristics--including morphology and behavior--that vary among populations of organisms.<br><br>Observing evolutionary change in action is easier when a species has a fast generation turnover, as with bacteria. Since 1988 the biologist Richard Lenski has been tracking twelve populations of E. bacteria that descend from a single strain. samples of each are taken every day and over 500.000 generations have been observed.<br><br>Lenski's research has demonstrated that mutations can alter the rate at which change occurs and the efficiency of a population's reproduction. It also demonstrates that evolution takes time--a fact that many find hard to accept.<br><br>Microevolution can also be seen in the fact that mosquito genes for resistance to pesticides are more common in populations where insecticides are used. This is due to pesticides causing an exclusive pressure that favors individuals who have resistant genotypes.<br><br>The rapidity of evolution has led to an increasing recognition of its importance, especially in a world shaped largely by human activity. This includes the effects of climate change, pollution and habitat loss that hinders many species from adapting. Understanding the evolution process can help us make better decisions regarding the future of our planet, as well as the lives of its inhabitants.