Editing Are You Getting The Most Of Your Evolution Site

The Academy's Evolution Site<br><br>Biological evolution is a central concept in biology. The Academies are involved in helping those who are interested in science to learn about the theory of evolution and how it can be applied across all areas of scientific research.<br><br>This site provides teachers, students and general readers with a range of educational resources on evolution. It includes the most important video clips from NOVA and WGBH's science programs on DVD.<br><br>Tree of Life<br><br>The Tree of Life, an ancient symbol, represents the interconnectedness of all life. It is an emblem of love and harmony in a variety of cultures. It can be used in many practical ways as well, such as providing a framework to understand the evolution of species and how they respond to changes in environmental conditions.<br><br>The first attempts at depicting the world of biology focused on the classification of species into distinct categories that were distinguished by physical and metabolic characteristics1. These methods, which relied on the sampling of different parts of living organisms or small DNA fragments, greatly increased the variety of organisms that could be included in a tree of life2. However these trees are mainly comprised of eukaryotes, and bacterial diversity is not represented in a large way3,4.<br><br>Genetic techniques have greatly broadened our ability to represent the Tree of Life by circumventing the requirement for direct observation and experimentation. Particularly, molecular techniques allow us to build trees using sequenced markers like the small subunit ribosomal gene.<br><br>The Tree of Life has been significantly expanded by genome sequencing. However there is still a lot of diversity to be discovered. This is particularly true for microorganisms, which are difficult to cultivate and are usually only present in a single sample5. A recent analysis of all genomes that are known has created a rough draft of the Tree of Life, including many archaea and bacteria that have not been isolated, and which are not well understood.<br><br>The expanded Tree of Life can be used to assess the biodiversity of a specific area and determine if certain habitats need special protection. The information can be used in a variety of ways, from identifying the most effective medicines to combating disease to enhancing the quality of crops. It is also beneficial in conservation efforts. It can aid biologists in identifying those areas that are most likely contain cryptic species with important metabolic functions that could be at risk from anthropogenic change. While funds to protect biodiversity are essential however, the most effective method to protect the world's biodiversity is for more people living in developing countries to be empowered with the knowledge to take action locally to encourage conservation from within.<br><br>Phylogeny<br><br>A phylogeny, also known as an evolutionary tree, shows the connections between various groups of organisms. Using molecular data similarities and differences in morphology, or ontogeny (the course of development of an organism), scientists can build a phylogenetic tree that illustrates the evolution of taxonomic groups. The role of phylogeny is crucial in understanding the relationship between genetics, biodiversity and evolution.<br><br>A basic phylogenetic tree (see Figure PageIndex 10 ) determines the relationship between organisms with similar traits that have evolved from common ancestral. These shared traits can be analogous or homologous. Homologous traits are similar in their evolutionary journey. Analogous traits might appear like they are, but they do not share the same origins. Scientists group similar traits into a grouping referred to as a Clade. All members of a clade share a characteristic, like amniotic egg production. They all derived from an ancestor who had these eggs. The clades then join to create a phylogenetic tree to determine the organisms with the closest relationship to. <br><br>For a more detailed and accurate phylogenetic tree scientists rely on molecular information from DNA or RNA to identify the relationships between organisms. This information is more precise than the morphological data and provides evidence of the evolutionary history of an individual or group. Researchers can utilize Molecular Data to determine the evolutionary age of organisms and determine how many species share a common ancestor.<br><br>The phylogenetic relationships between species are influenced by many factors, including phenotypic flexibility, a kind of behavior that changes in response to unique environmental conditions. This can make a trait appear more similar to one species than to another and obscure the phylogenetic signals. This issue can be cured by using cladistics. This is a method that incorporates an amalgamation of homologous and analogous traits in the tree.<br><br>Additionally, phylogenetics can help determine the duration and rate at which speciation occurs. This information will assist conservation biologists in deciding which species to safeguard from the threat of extinction. In the end, it is the conservation of phylogenetic diversity that will result in an ecosystem that is complete and balanced.<br><br>Evolutionary Theory<br><br>The fundamental concept of evolution is that organisms acquire various characteristics over time as a result of their interactions with their environment. Many scientists have proposed theories of evolution, including the Islamic naturalist Nasir al-Din al-Tusi (1201-274) who believed that an organism would evolve according to its own needs as well as the Swedish taxonomist Carolus Linnaeus (1707-1778) who developed the modern taxonomy system that is hierarchical and Jean-Baptiste Lamarck (1844-1829), who believed that the usage or non-use of certain traits can result in changes that are passed on to the<br><br>In the 1930s and 1940s, concepts from a variety of fields--including natural selection, genetics, and particulate inheritance -- came together to form the current evolutionary theory that explains how evolution occurs through the variation of genes within a population and how those variants change over time as a result of natural selection. This model, which includes genetic drift, mutations in gene flow, and sexual selection can be mathematically described mathematically.<br><br>Recent developments in the field of evolutionary developmental biology have shown how variations can be introduced to a species through mutations, genetic drift, reshuffling genes during sexual reproduction and migration between populations. These processes, as well as other ones like directionally-selected selection and erosion of genes (changes in the frequency of genotypes over time) can result in evolution. Evolution is defined by changes in the genome over time, as well as changes in phenotype (the expression of genotypes in individuals).<br><br>Incorporating evolutionary thinking into all aspects of biology education could increase student understanding of the concepts of phylogeny and evolutionary. In a recent study by Grunspan and colleagues. It was demonstrated that teaching students about the evidence for evolution boosted their understanding of evolution in an undergraduate biology course. To find out more about how to teach about evolution, look up The Evolutionary Potential of All Areas of Biology and Thinking Evolutionarily: A Framework for Infusing Evolution into Life Sciences Education.<br><br>Evolution in Action<br><br>Traditionally scientists have studied evolution through looking back--analyzing fossils, comparing species and studying living organisms. However, evolution isn't something that occurred in the past, it's an ongoing process, that is taking place in the present. Bacteria evolve and resist antibiotics, viruses re-invent themselves and escape new drugs, and animals adapt their behavior to the changing climate. The changes that result are often visible.<br><br>But it wasn't until the late 1980s that biologists realized that natural selection can be observed in action as well. 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The same is true for many other characteristics--including morphology and behavior--that vary among populations of organisms.<br><br>It is easier to see evolution when the species, like bacteria, has a high generation turnover. Since 1988, Richard Lenski, a biologist, has been tracking twelve populations of E.coli that descend from a single strain. The samples of each population have been collected frequently and more than 500.000 generations of E.coli have been observed to have passed.<br><br>Lenski's work has shown that mutations can alter the rate at which change occurs and the effectiveness at which a population reproduces. It also shows evolution takes time, which is difficult for some to accept.<br><br>Another example of microevolution is the way mosquito genes for resistance to pesticides are more prevalent in populations where insecticides are employed. Pesticides create an enticement that favors individuals who have resistant genotypes.<br><br>The rapidity of evolution has led to a greater recognition of its importance especially in a planet which is largely shaped by human activities. This includes climate change, pollution, and habitat loss that prevents many species from adapting. Understanding evolution can help us make smarter decisions regarding the future of our planet as well as the lives of its inhabitants.