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The Academy's Evolution Site<br><br>Biology is a key concept in biology. The Academies have been for a long time involved in helping people who are interested in science understand the theory of evolution and how it influences all areas of scientific research.<br><br>This site provides students, teachers and general readers with a range of learning resources on evolution. It has important video clips from NOVA and WGBH-produced science programs on DVD.<br><br>Tree of Life<br><br>The Tree of Life is an ancient symbol that represents the interconnectedness of all life. It is used in many spiritual traditions and cultures as a symbol of unity and love. It also has important practical uses, like providing a framework to understand the history of species and how they respond to changes in environmental conditions.<br><br>The first attempts to depict the biological world were founded on categorizing organisms on their metabolic and physical characteristics. These methods, which relied on the sampling of various parts of living organisms, or sequences of short fragments of their DNA, significantly increased the variety that could be represented in a tree of life2. The trees are mostly composed of eukaryotes, while bacteria are largely underrepresented3,4.<br><br>In avoiding the necessity of direct observation and experimentation, genetic techniques have allowed us to depict the Tree of Life in a more precise way. Particularly, molecular methods enable us to create trees by using sequenced markers like the small subunit ribosomal gene.<br><br>The Tree of Life has been dramatically expanded through genome sequencing. However there is a lot of diversity to be discovered. This is particularly true for  [http://brewwiki.win/wiki/Post:10_Meetups_On_Evolution_Baccarat_Free_You_Should_Attend 무료 에볼루션] microorganisms that are difficult to cultivate and are typically only found in a single sample5. A recent study of all genomes that are known has produced a rough draft of the Tree of Life, including numerous bacteria and archaea that have not been isolated, and their diversity is not fully understood6.<br><br>This expanded Tree of Life can be used to assess the biodiversity of a specific area and determine if certain habitats require special protection. The information is useful in many ways, including identifying new drugs, combating diseases and improving crops. This information is also beneficial to conservation efforts. It can help biologists identify areas that are most likely to be home to cryptic species, which may have important metabolic functions and be vulnerable to changes caused by humans. While funds to protect biodiversity are essential but the most effective way to protect the world's biodiversity is for more people in developing countries to be empowered with the knowledge to take action locally to encourage conservation from within.<br><br>Phylogeny<br><br>A phylogeny, also known as an evolutionary tree, shows the connections between different groups of organisms. Scientists can create a phylogenetic diagram that illustrates the evolutionary relationship of taxonomic categories using molecular information and morphological similarities or differences. Phylogeny is essential in understanding evolution, biodiversity and genetics.<br><br>A basic phylogenetic tree (see Figure PageIndex 10 Finds the connections between organisms that have similar characteristics and have evolved from a common ancestor. These shared traits may be analogous, or homologous. Homologous characteristics are identical in terms of their evolutionary paths. Analogous traits could appear similar however they do not have the same ancestry. Scientists combine similar traits into a grouping known as a Clade. For example, all of the species in a clade have the characteristic of having amniotic egg and evolved from a common ancestor that had eggs. The clades are then connected to form a phylogenetic branch that can identify organisms that have the closest relationship to. <br><br>For a more detailed and accurate phylogenetic tree scientists use molecular data from DNA or RNA to establish the relationships among organisms. This information is more precise and provides evidence of the evolution history of an organism. The analysis of molecular data can help researchers identify the number of species that have a common ancestor and to estimate their evolutionary age.<br><br>The phylogenetic relationships between organisms can be influenced by several factors including phenotypic plasticity, a kind of behavior that changes in response to specific environmental conditions. This can cause a characteristic to appear more similar to one species than another, obscuring the phylogenetic signal. This problem can be addressed by using cladistics, which incorporates the combination of analogous and homologous features in the tree.<br><br>Furthermore, phylogenetics may aid in predicting the duration and rate of speciation. This information will assist conservation biologists in making decisions about which species to protect from the threat of extinction. In the end, it's the preservation of phylogenetic diversity that will lead to an ecosystem that is complete and balanced.<br><br>Evolutionary Theory<br><br>The central theme in evolution is that organisms alter over time because of their interactions with their environment. Many scientists have come up with theories of evolution, including the Islamic naturalist Nasir al-Din al-Tusi (1201-274), who believed that an organism could evolve according to its individual needs, the Swedish taxonomist Carolus Linnaeus (1707-1778) who conceived the modern taxonomy system that is hierarchical, as well as Jean-Baptiste Lamarck (1844-1829), who believed that the usage or non-use of traits can lead to changes that can be passed on to future generations.<br><br>In the 1930s &amp; 1940s, concepts from various fields, including genetics, natural selection and particulate inheritance, were brought together to form a modern synthesis of evolution theory. This explains how evolution occurs by the variation of genes in the population and how these variations change with time due to natural selection. This model, which incorporates mutations, genetic drift, gene flow and sexual selection, can be mathematically described.<br><br>Recent discoveries in evolutionary developmental biology have demonstrated how variations can be introduced to a species through mutations, genetic drift, reshuffling genes during sexual reproduction and migration between populations. These processes, as well as others such as directional selection or genetic erosion (changes in the frequency of a genotype over time) can result in evolution, which is defined by change in the genome of the species over time, and also the change in phenotype over time (the expression of the genotype in an individual).<br><br>Students can gain a better understanding of the concept of phylogeny by using evolutionary thinking throughout all areas of biology. A recent study conducted by Grunspan and colleagues, for example, showed that teaching about the evidence that supports evolution increased students' acceptance of evolution in a college biology class. For more details on how to teach about evolution,  [https://nerdgaming.science/wiki/10_Evolution_Casino_Meetups_You_Should_Attend 에볼루션 바카라 사이트][http://www.0471tc.com/home.php?mod=space&uid=2397974 에볼루션 바카라 무료체험], [https://mortensen-ogden.hubstack.net/10-quick-tips-for-evolution-slot-1734815635/ hop over to this web-site], see The Evolutionary Potency in All Areas of Biology or Thinking Evolutionarily A Framework for Integrating Evolution into Life Sciences Education.<br><br>Evolution in Action<br><br>Scientists have traditionally studied evolution through looking back in the past--analyzing fossils and comparing species. They also study living organisms. But evolution isn't a thing that occurred in the past, it's an ongoing process that is happening today. The virus reinvents itself to avoid new drugs and bacteria evolve to resist antibiotics. Animals adapt their behavior because of the changing environment. The results are usually easy to see.<br><br>But it wasn't until the late 1980s that biologists understood that natural selection can be observed in action as well. The key is that different traits have different rates of survival and reproduction (differential fitness) and can be passed down from one generation to the next.<br><br>In the past, if one allele - the genetic sequence that determines colour - was present in a population of organisms that interbred, it might become more common than any other allele. In time, this could mean the number of black moths in the population could increase. The same is true for many other characteristics--including morphology and behavior--that vary among populations of organisms.<br><br>Observing evolutionary change in action is easier when a particular species has a rapid generation turnover such as bacteria. Since 1988, Richard Lenski, a biologist, has tracked twelve populations of E.coli that descend from a single strain. Samples of each population have been taken regularly and more than 50,000 generations of E.coli have been observed to have passed.<br><br>Lenski's research has shown that a mutation can dramatically alter the efficiency with the rate at which a population reproduces, and consequently, the rate at which it alters. It also demonstrates that evolution is slow-moving, a fact that some are unable to accept.<br><br>Another example of microevolution is how mosquito genes for resistance to pesticides are more prevalent in areas in which insecticides are utilized. This is due to the fact that the use of pesticides creates a pressure that favors people with resistant genotypes.<br><br>The speed at which evolution can take place has led to a growing recognition of its importance in a world shaped by human activity--including climate changes, pollution and the loss of habitats that hinder many species from adjusting. Understanding the evolution process can help us make smarter choices about the future of our planet and the life of its inhabitants.