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The Academy's Evolution Site<br><br>Biology is one of the most central concepts in biology. The Academies have long been involved in helping people who are interested in science understand the theory of evolution and how it affects all areas of scientific exploration.<br><br>This site provides a wide range of tools for teachers, students and general readers of evolution. It contains key video clips from NOVA and WGBH produced science programs on DVD.<br><br>Tree of Life<br><br>The Tree of Life,  [https://wilkerson-kuhn-2.technetbloggers.de/16-must-follow-facebook-pages-for-evolution-baccarat-free-marketers/ 에볼루션]코리아 - [https://moparwiki.win/wiki/Post:10_Amazing_Graphics_About_Evolution_Baccarat mouse click the up coming website], an ancient symbol, symbolizes the interconnectedness of all life. It appears in many cultures and spiritual beliefs as symbolizing unity and love. 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However the trees are mostly comprised of eukaryotes, and bacterial diversity is not represented in a large way3,4.<br><br>Genetic techniques have greatly broadened our ability to depict the Tree of Life by circumventing the requirement for direct observation and experimentation. Particularly, molecular methods allow us to construct trees by using sequenced markers, such as the small subunit ribosomal RNA gene.<br><br>The Tree of Life has been dramatically expanded through genome sequencing. However there is a lot of biodiversity to be discovered. This is especially relevant to microorganisms that are difficult to cultivate, and which are usually only found in one sample5. A recent analysis of all genomes has produced a rough draft of a Tree of Life. This includes a large number of archaea, bacteria, and other organisms that have not yet been identified or whose diversity has not been fully understood6.<br><br>The expanded Tree of Life is particularly beneficial in assessing the biodiversity of an area, assisting to determine if certain habitats require special protection. This information can be used in a range of ways, from identifying the most effective remedies to fight diseases to improving the quality of crops. The information is also beneficial for conservation efforts. It can help biologists identify areas that are likely to be home to species that are cryptic, which could perform important metabolic functions, and could be susceptible to changes caused by humans. Although funds to safeguard biodiversity are vital but the most effective way to ensure the preservation of biodiversity around the world is for more people in developing countries to be empowered with the knowledge to act locally in order to promote conservation from within.<br><br>Phylogeny<br><br>A phylogeny, also called an evolutionary tree, reveals the relationships between various groups of organisms. Using molecular data as well as morphological similarities and distinctions or ontogeny (the process of the development of an organism) scientists can construct an phylogenetic tree that demonstrates the evolutionary relationship between taxonomic groups. The concept of phylogeny is fundamental to understanding biodiversity, evolution and genetics.<br><br>A basic phylogenetic Tree (see Figure PageIndex 10 ) is a method of identifying the relationships between organisms that share similar traits that evolved from common ancestral. These shared traits are either homologous or analogous. Homologous traits are similar in their underlying evolutionary path, while analogous traits look like they do, but don't have the same ancestors. Scientists group similar traits together into a grouping called a clade. All organisms in a group share a characteristic, for example, amniotic egg production. They all derived from an ancestor with these eggs. A phylogenetic tree can be built by connecting the clades to identify the species that are most closely related to each other. <br><br>Scientists utilize DNA or RNA molecular information to build a phylogenetic chart which is more precise and detailed. This information is more precise and provides evidence of the evolution of an organism. Researchers can utilize Molecular Data to estimate the evolutionary age of living organisms and discover how many species have the same ancestor.<br><br>The phylogenetic relationships between species can be affected by a variety of factors including phenotypic plasticity, a type of behavior that changes in response to unique environmental conditions. This can cause a characteristic to appear more similar to a species than to another, obscuring the phylogenetic signals. However, this issue can be reduced by the use of techniques such as cladistics that incorporate a combination of similar and homologous traits into the tree.<br><br>Additionally, phylogenetics aids determine the duration and rate at which speciation takes place. This information can aid conservation biologists to make decisions about the species they should safeguard from extinction. It is ultimately the preservation of phylogenetic diversity that will create an ecologically balanced and complete ecosystem.<br><br>Evolutionary Theory<br><br>The fundamental concept in evolution is that organisms alter over time because of their interactions with their environment. Several theories of evolutionary change have been proposed by a wide range of scientists such as the Islamic naturalist Nasir al-Din al-Tusi (1201-1274) who envisioned an organism developing slowly in accordance with its needs as well as the Swedish botanist Carolus Linnaeus (1707-1778) who developed the modern hierarchical taxonomy, as well as Jean-Baptiste Lamarck (1744-1829) who suggested that the use or misuse of traits cause changes that could be passed on to the offspring.<br><br>In the 1930s &amp; 1940s, ideas from different fields, including natural selection, genetics &amp; particulate inheritance, came together to create a modern evolutionary theory. This defines how evolution occurs by the variations in genes within a population and how these variations change over time as a result of natural selection. This model, known as genetic drift or mutation, gene flow, and sexual selection, is a cornerstone of modern evolutionary biology and can be mathematically described.<br><br>Recent developments in the field of evolutionary developmental biology have demonstrated the ways in which variation can be introduced to a species through mutations, genetic drift or reshuffling of genes in sexual reproduction and migration between populations. These processes, along with others such as directionally-selected selection and erosion of genes (changes in frequency of genotypes over time), can lead towards evolution. Evolution is defined by changes in the genome over time and changes in phenotype (the expression of genotypes in an individual).<br><br>Students can gain a better understanding of the concept of phylogeny through incorporating evolutionary thinking throughout all aspects of biology. In a recent study by Grunspan and co. It was found that teaching students about the evidence for evolution increased their understanding of evolution in a college-level course in biology. For more information about how to teach evolution look up The Evolutionary Power of Biology in all Areas of Biology or Thinking Evolutionarily A Framework for Integrating Evolution into Life Sciences Education.<br><br>Evolution in Action<br><br>Scientists have traditionally looked at evolution through the past, studying fossils, and comparing species. They also observe living organisms. Evolution is not a distant event; it is a process that continues today. Bacteria evolve and resist antibiotics, viruses evolve and elude new medications, and animals adapt their behavior to a changing planet. The changes that occur are often evident.<br><br>It wasn't until the 1980s that biologists began to realize that natural selection was in action. The reason is that different traits have different rates of survival and reproduction (differential fitness) and can be transferred from one generation to the next.<br><br>In the past when one particular allele--the genetic sequence that determines coloration--appeared in a group of interbreeding organisms, it could quickly become more common than the other alleles. As time passes, that could mean that the number of black moths in a particular population could rise. The same is true for many other characteristics--including morphology and behavior--that vary among populations of organisms.<br><br>It is easier to track evolution when an organism, like bacteria, has a high generation turnover. Since 1988, Richard Lenski, a biologist, has studied twelve populations of E.coli that descend from a single strain. Samples from each population were taken regularly and more than 50,000 generations of E.coli have passed.<br><br>Lenski's research has revealed that a mutation can dramatically alter the efficiency with the rate at which a population reproduces, and consequently the rate at which it evolves. It also proves that evolution is slow-moving, a fact that some people are unable to accept.<br><br>Microevolution can be observed in the fact that mosquito genes for resistance to pesticides are more common in populations where insecticides are used. This is because pesticides cause a selective pressure which favors those who have resistant genotypes.<br><br>The speed at which evolution can take place has led to a growing recognition of its importance in a world shaped by human activity, including climate change, pollution, and the loss of habitats that hinder many species from adjusting. Understanding evolution can help us make better choices about the future of our planet and the lives of its inhabitants.