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What is Pragmatics?<br><br>Pragmatics is the study of the relationship between language, context and meaning. It deals with questions like what do people mean by the terms they use?<br><br>It's a way of thinking that focuses on the practical and sensible actions. It contrasts with idealism which is the idea that one should stick to their principles regardless of the circumstances.<br><br>What is Pragmatics?<br><br>The study of pragmatics examines how people who speak a language interact and communicate with one and with each other. It is usually thought of as a part of the language, although it differs from semantics in the sense that pragmatics examines what the user intends to convey rather than what the meaning actually is.<br><br>As a field of study it is comparatively new and research in the area has been growing rapidly over the past few decades. It is a language academic field but it has also had an impact on research in other fields such as psychology, sociolinguistics and Anthropology.<br><br>There are many different views on pragmatics that have contributed to its development and growth. One perspective is the Gricean pragmatics approach, which focuses on the notion of intention and its interaction with the speaker's understanding of the listener's comprehension. Conceptual and [https://pragmatic-korea20864.blogdemls.com/29608074/free-pragmatic-s-history-history-of-free-pragmatic 프라그마틱 슬롯체험] lexical strategies for pragmatics are also views on the subject. These perspectives have contributed to the diversity of topics that researchers in pragmatics have researched.<br><br>The research in pragmatics has covered a wide variety of topics, including pragmatic comprehension in L2 and demand production by EFL students, as well as the significance of the theory of mind in mental and physical metaphors. It can also be applied to cultural and social phenomena, including political discourse, discriminatory language, and interpersonal communication. Pragmatics researchers also have employed a variety of methodologies from experimental to sociocultural.<br><br>The size of the knowledge base in pragmatics varies according to the database, as illustrated in Figure 9A-C. The US and the UK are among the top contributors to pragmatics research, yet their rankings differ by database. This is due to the fact that pragmatics is multidisciplinary and intersects with other disciplines.<br><br>It is therefore difficult to determine the top authors in pragmatics solely based on the quantity of their publications. It is possible to determine influential authors by looking at their contributions to pragmatics. For instance, Bambini's contribution to pragmatics has led to concepts such as conversational implicature, and politeness theory. Grice, Saul, and Kasper are also influential authors of pragmatics.<br><br>What is Free Pragmatics?<br><br>The study of pragmatics is more concerned with the contexts and language users than it is with truth or reference, or grammar. It examines the ways in which one phrase can be understood as meaning different things from different contexts as well as those triggered by indexicality or ambiguity. It also focuses primarily on the strategies used by listeners to determine whether utterances have a communicative intent. It is closely connected to the theory of conversative implicature which was pioneered by Paul Grice.<br><br>While the distinction between pragmatics and semantics is a well-known and long-established one There is much debate about the precise boundaries of these disciplines. For instance philosophers have suggested that the notion of a sentence's meaning is a part of semantics while others have argued that this kind of thing should be viewed as a pragmatic issue.<br><br>Another issue is whether pragmatics is a branch of philosophy of language or a part of the study of linguistics. Some researchers have argued that pragmatics is a field in its own right and should be considered distinct from linguistics alongside phonology, syntax, semantics and more. Others have argued that the study of pragmatics is an aspect of philosophy of language since it examines the ways that our ideas about the meanings and functions of language affect our theories of how languages function.<br><br>There are a few major issues in the study of pragmatics that have fueled many of the debates. For instance, some researchers have suggested that pragmatics isn't a discipline in its own right because it examines the ways people interpret and use language without necessarily referring to any facts regarding what is actually being said. This kind of approach is called far-side pragmatics. Some scholars have argued that this research ought to be considered an academic discipline because it examines the ways that cultural and social influences influence the meaning and use of language. This is known as near-side pragmatics.<br><br>The field of pragmatics also focuses on the inferential nature and meaning of utterances, as well as the role of primary pragmatic processes in determining what a speaker means in the sentence. These are issues that are addressed in greater detail in the papers of Recanati and Bach. Both papers explore the notions the concept of saturation and free enrichment in the context of a pragmatic. These are crucial processes that help shape the meaning of an utterance.<br><br>What is the difference between explanatory and free Pragmatics?<br><br>Pragmatics is the study of how context contributes to linguistic meaning. It analyzes how human language is used in social interaction, and the relationship between the interpreter and the speaker. Linguists who specialize in pragmatics are referred to as pragmaticians.<br><br>Over the years, a variety of theories of pragmatism have been proposed. Some, like Gricean pragmatics focus on the communication intent of the speaker. Others, like Relevance Theory,  [https://ilovebookmarking.com/story18077258/you-re-about-to-expand-your-pragmatic-free-trial-meta-options 프라그마틱 슬롯 무료] 무료 ([https://tetrabookmarks.com/story18135930/20-myths-about-pragmatic-slot-recommendations-dispelled Highly recommended Site]) focus on the understanding processes that occur during the interpretation of utterances by hearers. Certain approaches to pragmatics have been merged with other disciplines, including philosophy and cognitive science.<br><br>There are different opinions regarding the boundary between pragmatics and semantics. Morris is one philosopher who believes that semantics and pragmatism are two distinct topics. He argues that semantics is concerned with the relationship of signs to objects they could or might not denote whereas pragmatics is concerned with the use of words in context.<br><br>Other philosophers like Bach and Harnish have argued that pragmatism is a subfield of semantics. They distinguish between 'nearside and far-side' pragmatics. Near-side pragmatics focuses on what is said, whereas far-side pragmatics concentrates on the logical consequences of saying something. They believe that semantics already determines certain aspects of the meaning of a statement, whereas other pragmatics is determined by the pragmatic processes.<br><br>One of the most important aspects of pragmatics is that it is contextually dependent. This means that the same utterance can have different meanings in different contexts, depending on things like indexicality and ambiguity. Other elements that can alter the meaning of an utterance include discourse structure, speaker intentions and beliefs, and the expectations of the listener.<br><br>A second aspect of pragmatics is its cultural specificity. This is because different cultures have their own rules about what is appropriate to say in various situations. For example, it is polite in some cultures to make eye contact but it is considered rude in other cultures.<br><br>There are many different perspectives of pragmatics, and lots of research is being conducted in the field. Some of the main areas of study are computational and formal pragmatics as well as experimental and theoretical pragmatics; cross-cultural and intercultural pragmatics; pragmatics in the clinical and experimental sense.<br><br>What is the relationship between Free Pragmatics and to Explanatory Pragmatics?<br><br>The discipline of pragmatics is concerned with how meaning is communicated by the language used in its context. It evaluates how the speaker's intentions and  [https://pragmatic-korea00864.losblogos.com/29291854/25-amazing-facts-about-pragmatic-free-game 프라그마틱 슬롯 무료체험] 체험 ([https://wisesocialsmedia.com/story3401961/why-you-should-focus-on-improving-pragmatic-site Wisesocialsmedia.com]) beliefs influence interpretation, focusing less on grammaral characteristics of the expression than on what is said. Pragmaticians are linguists that focus in pragmatics. The topic of pragmatics is related to other areas of linguistics like syntax, semantics, and the philosophy of language.<br><br>In recent years the field of pragmatics has grown in a variety of directions, including computational linguistics, pragmatics in conversation, and theoretical pragmatics. These areas are distinguished by a variety of research that addresses issues like lexical characteristics and [https://socialfactories.com/story3450058/the-reason-pragmatic-slot-manipulation-is-fast-increasing-to-be-the-most-popular-trend-in-2024 프라그마틱 슬롯 무료체험] the interplay between language, discourse, and meaning.<br><br>In the philosophical debate on pragmatics one of the main questions is whether it is possible to give a precise and systematic analysis of the interface between pragmatics and semantics. Some philosophers have suggested that it's not (e.g. Morris 1938, Kaplan 1989). Other philosophers have argued that the distinction between semantics and pragmatics isn't well-defined and that they're the same.<br><br>It is not unusual for scholars to debate back and forth between these two perspectives and argue that certain events are either semantics or pragmatics. Some scholars say that if a statement carries a literal truth conditional meaning, it is semantics. Others argue that the fact that a statement could be interpreted in different ways is pragmatics.<br><br>Other pragmatics researchers have taken a different approach, arguing that the truth-conditional meaning a utterance has is only one among many ways in which an utterance may be interpreted and that all of these ways are valid. This method is often known as far-side pragmatics.<br><br>Recent research in pragmatics has sought to integrate semantic and far side approaches. It attempts to represent the entire range of interpretive possibilities that can be derived from a speaker's words, by modeling the way in which the speaker's beliefs and intentions contribute to the interpretation. For example, Champollion et al. The 2019 version incorporates a Gricean model of the Rational Speech Act framework, and technological advances developed by Franke and Bergen. This model predicts listeners will entertain many possible exhausted interpretations of an speech that is a part of the universal FCI Any. This is the reason why the exclusivity implicature is so reliable in comparison to other possible implications.
What is Pragmatics?<br><br>Pragmatics is the study of the connection between context, language and meaning. It asks questions like: What do people really mean when they use words?<br><br>It's a philosophy that is focused on practical and reasonable actions. It is in contrast to idealism which is the belief that one should adhere to their principles regardless of the circumstances.<br><br>What is Pragmatics?<br><br>The study of pragmatics is the way that language users communicate and interact with each other. It is typically thought of as a part of the language however, it differs from semantics in the sense that pragmatics examines what the user is trying to convey, not what the actual meaning is.<br><br>As a research field, pragmatics is relatively new, and its research has been growing rapidly over the past few decades. It has been primarily an academic field of study within linguistics, however it also has an impact on research in other fields such as speech-language pathology, psychology sociolinguistics, and the study of anthropology.<br><br>There are many different perspectives on pragmatics, which have contributed to its growth and development. One is the Gricean pragmatics approach, which is based primarily on the notions of intention and the interaction with the speaker's knowledge of the listener's understanding. Other perspectives on pragmatics include the lexical and conceptual approaches to pragmatics. These perspectives have contributed to the wide range of subjects that pragmatics researchers have investigated.<br><br>The study of pragmatics has covered a broad range of subjects, including L2 pragmatic comprehension and request production by EFL students, as well as the role of the theory of mind in physical and mental metaphors. It has been applied to social and cultural phenomena like political speech, discriminatory speech, and interpersonal communication. Pragmatics researchers also have employed diverse methodologies from experimental to sociocultural.<br><br>The amount of knowledge base in pragmatics is different by database, as shown in Figure 9A-C. The US and the UK are among the top researchers in pragmatics research, however their positions differ based on the database. This difference is due to the fact that pragmatics is an interconnected field that is inextricably linked with other disciplines.<br><br>It is therefore difficult to rank the top authors in pragmatics solely by the quantity of their publications. It is possible to identify influential authors based on their contributions to pragmatics. Bambini is one example. He has contributed to pragmatics through concepts like conversational implicititure and politeness theories. Other authors who have been influential in pragmatics include Grice, Saul and Kasper.<br><br>What is Free Pragmatics?<br><br>The study of pragmatics focuses on the users and contexts of language use, rather than on reference, truth, or grammar. It examines how a single utterance may be understood differently in different contexts. This includes ambiguity as well as indexicality. It also focuses primarily on the strategies employed by listeners to determine if words have a meaning that is communicative. It is closely linked to the theory of conversative implicature, which was first developed by Paul Grice.<br><br>The boundaries between these two disciplines are a subject of debate. While the distinction between these two disciplines is well-known, it is not always clear where they should be drawn. For example some philosophers have claimed that the notion of a sentence's meaning is a part of semantics while others have claimed that this sort of thing should be treated as a pragmatic problem.<br><br>Another issue is whether pragmatics is a branch of philosophy of languages or a subset of the study of the study of linguistics. Some researchers have suggested that pragmatics is a subject in its distinct from the other disciplines and should be considered a distinct part of the field of linguistics, alongside syntax, phonology semantics and so on. Others have suggested the study of pragmatics is an aspect of philosophy because it deals with the way in which our beliefs about meaning and uses of languages influence our theories of how languages work.<br><br>This debate has been fueled by a number of key issues that are fundamental to the study of pragmatics. For instance, [https://www.xn--72c9aa5escud2b.com/webboard/index.php?action=profile;area=forumprofile;u=2317600 프라그마틱 슬롯 하는법] 공식홈페이지 ([https://images.google.com.na/url?q=https://creamwall1.werite.net/responsible-for-a-pragmatic-korea-budget images.google.com.na`s statement on its official blog]) some researchers have suggested that pragmatics isn't a discipline in its own right because it studies the ways in which people interpret and use language, without being able to provide any information regarding what is actually being said. This kind of approach is referred to as far-side pragmatics. Some scholars have argued that the subject is a discipline in its own right since it examines the manner in which the meaning and usage of language is affected by cultural and social factors. This is known as near-side pragmatics.<br><br>Other topics of discussion in pragmatics include the manner in which we understand the nature of utterance interpretation as an inferential process and the role that the primary pragmatic processes play in the analysis of what is being spoken by a speaker in a given sentence. These are topics that are discussed a bit more extensively in the papers by Recanati and Bach. Both papers explore the notions saturation and free enrichment in the context of a pragmatic. These are significant pragmatic processes that influence the overall meaning an utterance.<br><br>What is the difference between free and explanatory Pragmatics?<br><br>The study of pragmatics is how context affects linguistic meaning. It evaluates how human language is utilized in social interactions, as well as the relationship between the speaker and the interpreter. Linguists who specialize in pragmatics are called pragmaticians.<br><br>Over the years, a variety of theories of pragmatism have been developed. Some, such as Gricean pragmatics, focus on the communicative intent of speakers. Others, such as Relevance Theory are focused on the processes of understanding that occur during utterance interpretation by listeners. Some pragmatics theories are merged with other disciplines, like philosophy and cognitive science.<br><br>There are different opinions on the borderline between semantics and pragmatics. Some philosophers, such as Morris, believe that semantics and pragmatics are two separate topics. He argues semantics is concerned with the relationship between signs and objects that they might or may not denote whereas pragmatics is concerned with the use of words in the context.<br><br>Other philosophers, such as Bach and Harnish, have argued that pragmatics is a subfield within semantics. They differentiate between 'near-side and far-side' pragmatics. Near-side pragmatics focuses on what is said, while far-side pragmatics is focused on the logical consequences of saying something. They believe that some of the 'pragmatics' that accompany an expression are already determined by semantics while other 'pragmatics' are defined by the processes of inference.<br><br>The context is one of the most important aspects of pragmatics. This means that the same utterance can mean different things in different contexts, depending on factors such as indexicality and ambiguity. Other factors that could alter the meaning of an expression include discourse structure, speaker intentions and beliefs, and expectations of the listener.<br><br>Another aspect of pragmatics is its particularity to the culture. It is because every culture has its own rules for what is appropriate in different situations. In certain cultures, it's polite to keep eye contact. In other cultures, it's rude.<br><br>There are many different views of pragmatics, and lots of research is being done in the field. Some of the most important areas of study are formal and computational pragmatics as well as experimental and theoretical pragmatics; intercultural and cross-linguistic pragmatics; and pragmatics in the clinical and experimental sense.<br><br>What is the relationship between Free Pragmatics and to Explanatory Pragmatics?<br><br>The discipline of pragmatics, a linguistic field, is concerned with how meaning is conveyed by the use of language in context. It evaluates the way in which the speaker's intentions and beliefs affect the interpretation, with less attention paid to the grammatical aspects of the speech rather than what is said. Pragmaticians are linguists who focus on pragmatics. The subject of pragmatics is linked to other areas of the study of linguistics, such as syntax and semantics or philosophy of language.<br><br>In recent times the field of pragmatics has expanded in many directions. This includes computational linguistics and conversational pragmatics. There is a wide range of research in these areas, addressing topics like the importance of lexical features as well as the interaction between discourse and language, and the nature of the concept of meaning.<br><br>One of the main questions in the philosophical discussion of pragmatics is whether or not it is possible to develop an accurate, systematic understanding of the semantics/pragmatics interface. Some philosophers have argued that it isn't (e.g. Morris 1938, Kaplan 1989). Other philosophers have argued that the distinction between semantics and pragmatics is not well-defined and that they're the identical.<br><br>It is not unusual for scholars to debate back and forth between these two positions and argue that certain events are either semantics or pragmatics. For instance certain scholars argue that if an utterance has an actual truth-conditional meaning,  [http://bioimagingcore.be/q2a/user/patchsound7 프라그마틱 공식홈페이지] 정품 확인법 ([https://freeman-hildebrandt-2.mdwrite.net/how-to-tell-the-good-and-bad-about-pragmatic/ freeman-hildebrandt-2.mdwrite.net]) then it is semantics, while other argue that the fact that an utterance may be interpreted in various ways is a sign of pragmatics.<br><br>Other researchers in pragmatics have taken a different view in arguing that the truth-conditional meaning a utterance has is just one of the many ways in which an expression can be understood and that all of these ways are valid. This approach is often known as far-side pragmatics.<br><br>Recent research in pragmatics has sought to integrate semantic and distant side methods. It attempts to capture the entire range of interpretive possibilities for a speaker's utterance, by modeling how the speaker's beliefs and intentions contribute to the interpretation. For example, Champollion et al. (2019) combine an Gricean game-theoretic model of the Rational Speech Act framework with technical innovations from Franke and Bergen (2020). This model predicts listeners will be entertained by a variety of exhausted interpretations of an utterance that contains the universal FCI Any, and that is the reason why the exclusivity implicature is so strong when compared to other plausible implications.

Latest revision as of 20:31, 24 January 2025

What is Pragmatics?

Pragmatics is the study of the connection between context, language and meaning. It asks questions like: What do people really mean when they use words?

It's a philosophy that is focused on practical and reasonable actions. It is in contrast to idealism which is the belief that one should adhere to their principles regardless of the circumstances.

What is Pragmatics?

The study of pragmatics is the way that language users communicate and interact with each other. It is typically thought of as a part of the language however, it differs from semantics in the sense that pragmatics examines what the user is trying to convey, not what the actual meaning is.

As a research field, pragmatics is relatively new, and its research has been growing rapidly over the past few decades. It has been primarily an academic field of study within linguistics, however it also has an impact on research in other fields such as speech-language pathology, psychology sociolinguistics, and the study of anthropology.

There are many different perspectives on pragmatics, which have contributed to its growth and development. One is the Gricean pragmatics approach, which is based primarily on the notions of intention and the interaction with the speaker's knowledge of the listener's understanding. Other perspectives on pragmatics include the lexical and conceptual approaches to pragmatics. These perspectives have contributed to the wide range of subjects that pragmatics researchers have investigated.

The study of pragmatics has covered a broad range of subjects, including L2 pragmatic comprehension and request production by EFL students, as well as the role of the theory of mind in physical and mental metaphors. It has been applied to social and cultural phenomena like political speech, discriminatory speech, and interpersonal communication. Pragmatics researchers also have employed diverse methodologies from experimental to sociocultural.

The amount of knowledge base in pragmatics is different by database, as shown in Figure 9A-C. The US and the UK are among the top researchers in pragmatics research, however their positions differ based on the database. This difference is due to the fact that pragmatics is an interconnected field that is inextricably linked with other disciplines.

It is therefore difficult to rank the top authors in pragmatics solely by the quantity of their publications. It is possible to identify influential authors based on their contributions to pragmatics. Bambini is one example. He has contributed to pragmatics through concepts like conversational implicititure and politeness theories. Other authors who have been influential in pragmatics include Grice, Saul and Kasper.

What is Free Pragmatics?

The study of pragmatics focuses on the users and contexts of language use, rather than on reference, truth, or grammar. It examines how a single utterance may be understood differently in different contexts. This includes ambiguity as well as indexicality. It also focuses primarily on the strategies employed by listeners to determine if words have a meaning that is communicative. It is closely linked to the theory of conversative implicature, which was first developed by Paul Grice.

The boundaries between these two disciplines are a subject of debate. While the distinction between these two disciplines is well-known, it is not always clear where they should be drawn. For example some philosophers have claimed that the notion of a sentence's meaning is a part of semantics while others have claimed that this sort of thing should be treated as a pragmatic problem.

Another issue is whether pragmatics is a branch of philosophy of languages or a subset of the study of the study of linguistics. Some researchers have suggested that pragmatics is a subject in its distinct from the other disciplines and should be considered a distinct part of the field of linguistics, alongside syntax, phonology semantics and so on. Others have suggested the study of pragmatics is an aspect of philosophy because it deals with the way in which our beliefs about meaning and uses of languages influence our theories of how languages work.

This debate has been fueled by a number of key issues that are fundamental to the study of pragmatics. For instance, 프라그마틱 슬롯 하는법 공식홈페이지 (images.google.com.na`s statement on its official blog) some researchers have suggested that pragmatics isn't a discipline in its own right because it studies the ways in which people interpret and use language, without being able to provide any information regarding what is actually being said. This kind of approach is referred to as far-side pragmatics. Some scholars have argued that the subject is a discipline in its own right since it examines the manner in which the meaning and usage of language is affected by cultural and social factors. This is known as near-side pragmatics.

Other topics of discussion in pragmatics include the manner in which we understand the nature of utterance interpretation as an inferential process and the role that the primary pragmatic processes play in the analysis of what is being spoken by a speaker in a given sentence. These are topics that are discussed a bit more extensively in the papers by Recanati and Bach. Both papers explore the notions saturation and free enrichment in the context of a pragmatic. These are significant pragmatic processes that influence the overall meaning an utterance.

What is the difference between free and explanatory Pragmatics?

The study of pragmatics is how context affects linguistic meaning. It evaluates how human language is utilized in social interactions, as well as the relationship between the speaker and the interpreter. Linguists who specialize in pragmatics are called pragmaticians.

Over the years, a variety of theories of pragmatism have been developed. Some, such as Gricean pragmatics, focus on the communicative intent of speakers. Others, such as Relevance Theory are focused on the processes of understanding that occur during utterance interpretation by listeners. Some pragmatics theories are merged with other disciplines, like philosophy and cognitive science.

There are different opinions on the borderline between semantics and pragmatics. Some philosophers, such as Morris, believe that semantics and pragmatics are two separate topics. He argues semantics is concerned with the relationship between signs and objects that they might or may not denote whereas pragmatics is concerned with the use of words in the context.

Other philosophers, such as Bach and Harnish, have argued that pragmatics is a subfield within semantics. They differentiate between 'near-side and far-side' pragmatics. Near-side pragmatics focuses on what is said, while far-side pragmatics is focused on the logical consequences of saying something. They believe that some of the 'pragmatics' that accompany an expression are already determined by semantics while other 'pragmatics' are defined by the processes of inference.

The context is one of the most important aspects of pragmatics. This means that the same utterance can mean different things in different contexts, depending on factors such as indexicality and ambiguity. Other factors that could alter the meaning of an expression include discourse structure, speaker intentions and beliefs, and expectations of the listener.

Another aspect of pragmatics is its particularity to the culture. It is because every culture has its own rules for what is appropriate in different situations. In certain cultures, it's polite to keep eye contact. In other cultures, it's rude.

There are many different views of pragmatics, and lots of research is being done in the field. Some of the most important areas of study are formal and computational pragmatics as well as experimental and theoretical pragmatics; intercultural and cross-linguistic pragmatics; and pragmatics in the clinical and experimental sense.

What is the relationship between Free Pragmatics and to Explanatory Pragmatics?

The discipline of pragmatics, a linguistic field, is concerned with how meaning is conveyed by the use of language in context. It evaluates the way in which the speaker's intentions and beliefs affect the interpretation, with less attention paid to the grammatical aspects of the speech rather than what is said. Pragmaticians are linguists who focus on pragmatics. The subject of pragmatics is linked to other areas of the study of linguistics, such as syntax and semantics or philosophy of language.

In recent times the field of pragmatics has expanded in many directions. This includes computational linguistics and conversational pragmatics. There is a wide range of research in these areas, addressing topics like the importance of lexical features as well as the interaction between discourse and language, and the nature of the concept of meaning.

One of the main questions in the philosophical discussion of pragmatics is whether or not it is possible to develop an accurate, systematic understanding of the semantics/pragmatics interface. Some philosophers have argued that it isn't (e.g. Morris 1938, Kaplan 1989). Other philosophers have argued that the distinction between semantics and pragmatics is not well-defined and that they're the identical.

It is not unusual for scholars to debate back and forth between these two positions and argue that certain events are either semantics or pragmatics. For instance certain scholars argue that if an utterance has an actual truth-conditional meaning, 프라그마틱 공식홈페이지 정품 확인법 (freeman-hildebrandt-2.mdwrite.net) then it is semantics, while other argue that the fact that an utterance may be interpreted in various ways is a sign of pragmatics.

Other researchers in pragmatics have taken a different view in arguing that the truth-conditional meaning a utterance has is just one of the many ways in which an expression can be understood and that all of these ways are valid. This approach is often known as far-side pragmatics.

Recent research in pragmatics has sought to integrate semantic and distant side methods. It attempts to capture the entire range of interpretive possibilities for a speaker's utterance, by modeling how the speaker's beliefs and intentions contribute to the interpretation. For example, Champollion et al. (2019) combine an Gricean game-theoretic model of the Rational Speech Act framework with technical innovations from Franke and Bergen (2020). This model predicts listeners will be entertained by a variety of exhausted interpretations of an utterance that contains the universal FCI Any, and that is the reason why the exclusivity implicature is so strong when compared to other plausible implications.