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What is Pragmatics?<br><br>Pragmatics is the study of the connection between context, language and meaning. It addresses questions such as What do people mean by the words they use?<br><br>It's a philosophies of practical and reasonable actions. It's in opposition to idealism, the notion that you must abide to your convictions.<br><br>What is Pragmatics?<br><br>Pragmatics is the study of ways that language users gain meaning from and each with each other. It is often seen as a component of language, but it differs from semantics in that it focuses on what the user wants to convey, not what the meaning is.<br><br>As a research field the field of pragmatics is still relatively new and its research has expanded rapidly over the last few decades. It is a linguistics-related academic field however, it has also had an impact on research in other fields such as psychology, sociolinguistics and [https://maximusbookmarks.com/story18250974/10-meetups-around-pragmatic-game-you-should-attend 프라그마틱 슬롯 무료체험] - [https://pragmatic-korea31086.xzblogs.com/71094820/a-vibrant-rant-about-how-to-check-the-authenticity-of-pragmatic learn more about pragmatic-korea31086.xzblogs.com] - Anthropology.<br><br>There are many different ways to approach pragmatics that have contributed to the growth and development of this field. One perspective is the Gricean pragmatics approach, which focuses on the notion of intention and the interaction with the speaker's knowledge about the listener's understanding. Other perspectives on pragmatics include the lexical and conceptual approaches to pragmatics. These views have contributed to the variety of topics that researchers in pragmatics have studied.<br><br>The study of pragmatics has been focused on a wide range of subjects, including L2 pragmatic comprehension as well as request production by EFL learners and the role of theory of mind in physical and mental metaphors. It has also been applied to various social and cultural phenomena, including political discourse, discriminatory language, and interpersonal communication. Researchers studying pragmatics have employed various methods from experimental to sociocultural.<br><br>The amount of knowledge base in pragmatics is different according to the database used, as shown in Figure 9A-C. The US and the UK are among the top contributors to pragmatics research, but their positions differ based on the database. This difference is due to the fact that pragmatics is a multidisciplinary field that intersects with other disciplines.<br><br>This makes it difficult to rank the top authors in pragmatics according to their publications only. However it is possible to determine the most influential authors by looking at their contributions to pragmatics. For example, Bambini's contribution to pragmatics has led to concepts such as conversational implicature and politeness theory. Grice, Saul, and Kasper are also influential authors of the field of pragmatics.<br><br>What is Free Pragmatics?<br><br>The study of pragmatics focuses on the users and contexts of language usage, rather than on reference, truth, or grammar. It examines the ways in which one phrase can be understood as meaning various things depending on the context and also those caused by indexicality or ambiguity. It also focuses on the strategies employed by listeners to determine whether utterances have a communicative intent. It is closely connected to the theory of conversational implicature pioneered by Paul Grice.<br><br>While the distinction between semantics and pragmatics is a well-known and long-established one however, there is a lot of controversy about the precise boundaries of these disciplines. Some philosophers believe that the concept of sentence meaning is a part of semantics, while others insist that this particular problem should be treated as pragmatic.<br><br>Another area of controversy is whether the study of pragmatics should be regarded as an linguistics-related branch or an aspect of philosophy of language. Some researchers have suggested that pragmatics is an autonomous discipline and should be treated as part of linguistics alongside phonology. Syntax, semantics, etc. Others have suggested that the study of pragmatics is an aspect of philosophy of language because it focuses on the ways in which our ideas about the meaning and use of language influence our theories of how languages work.<br><br>The debate has been fuelled by a number of key issues that are central to the study of pragmatics. Some scholars have suggested, for example, that pragmatics isn't a subject in its own right because it studies how people interpret and use the language, without necessarily referring to facts about what was actually said. This kind of approach is known as far-side pragmatics. Some scholars have argued that the study should be considered a field in its own right since it examines the manner in which the meaning and use of language is dependent on cultural and social factors. This is called near-side pragmatism.<br><br>The field of pragmatics also discusses the inferential nature of utterances as well as the significance of the primary pragmatic processes in determining what a speaker means in a sentence. These are the issues addressed in greater detail in the papers written by Recanati and Bach. Both papers discuss the notions a saturation and a free enrichment in the context of a pragmatic. These are important pragmatic processes that help shape the overall meaning an utterance.<br><br>What is the difference between free and explanatory Pragmatics?<br><br>The study of pragmatics examines how context affects linguistic meaning. It analyzes how human language is used in social interactions, and the relationship between the interpreter and the speaker. Linguists who specialize in pragmatics are known as pragmaticians.<br><br>Over the years, a variety of theories of pragmatism have been proposed. Some, like Gricean pragmatics, concentrate on the communicative intention of a speaker. Others, like Relevance Theory concentrate on the understanding processes that occur during the interpretation of words by hearers. Certain pragmatic approaches have been incorporated with other disciplines like cognitive science or philosophy.<br><br>There are also different views about the line between pragmatics and semantics. Morris is one philosopher who believes that semantics and pragmatism are two distinct topics. He argues semantics concerns the relationship of signs to objects they may or may not refer to, whereas pragmatics is concerned with the use of words in a context.<br><br>Other philosophers, like Bach and Harnish have suggested that pragmatics is a field that is part of semantics. They distinguish between 'near-side' and 'far-side' pragmatics. Near-side pragmatics focuses on what is said, while far-side pragmatics is focused on the logical consequences of saying something. They argue that some of the 'pragmatics' that accompany an utterance is already determined by semantics, while other 'pragmatics' are defined by the processes of inference.<br><br>The context is among the most important aspects in pragmatics. This means that a single word may have different meanings depending on factors like ambiguity or indexicality. Discourse structure, speaker beliefs and intentions, and expectations of the audience can also alter the meaning of a word.<br><br>Another aspect of pragmatics is its particularity to the culture. It is because each culture has its own rules regarding what is acceptable in various situations. For instance, it is acceptable in certain cultures to make eye contact while it is rude in other cultures.<br><br>There are various perspectives on pragmatics, and a lot of research is being conducted in this area. The main areas of research are formal and computational pragmatics; theoretical and experimental pragmatics; cross-cultural and intercultural pragmatics; and pragmatics that are experimental and clinical.<br><br>How does Free Pragmatics compare to Explanatory Pragmatics?<br><br>The pragmatics discipline is concerned with how meaning is communicated by the language used in its context. It is less concerned with the grammatical structure of an utterance and more on what the speaker is saying. Pragmaticians are linguists who focus in pragmatics. The subject of pragmatics is related to other areas of linguistics such as syntax, semantics and the philosophy of language.<br><br>In recent times, the field of pragmatics evolved in a variety of directions. This includes computational linguistics and conversational pragmatics. These areas are characterized by a wide variety of research, which addresses issues like lexical characteristics and the interaction between language, discourse, and meaning.<br><br>In the philosophical debate on pragmatism,  [https://socialmediatotal.com/story3455223/how-to-tell-if-you-re-in-the-right-position-to-go-after-pragmatic-ranking 프라그마틱 정품] 슬롯 조작 [[https://bookmarkangaroo.com/story18196334/15-reasons-to-not-be-ignoring-pragmatic-slots-free-trial https://bookmarkangaroo.com/story18196334/15-reasons-To-not-be-ignoring-pragmatic-slots-free-trial]] one of the major issues is whether it is possible to provide a thorough and systematic explanation of the interface between semantics and pragmatics. Some philosophers have suggested it isn't (e.g. Morris 1938, Kaplan 1989). Other philosophers have argued that the distinction between pragmatics and semantics isn't well-defined and that they are the identical.<br><br>The debate over these positions is often a back and forth affair, with scholars arguing that particular events fall under the umbrella of either pragmatics or semantics. Some scholars say that if a statement has a literal truth conditional meaning, it's semantics. Others argue that the fact that a statement could be interpreted differently is pragmatics.<br><br>Other pragmatics researchers have taken an alternative route. They argue that the truth-conditional interpretation for a statement is only one of many possible interpretations and that they are all valid. This is commonly referred to as far-side pragmatics.<br><br>Recent work in pragmatics has tried to combine semantic and far side approaches. It attempts to represent the full range of interpretive possibilities that a speaker's speech can offer by illustrating how the speaker's beliefs and intentions affect the interpretation. For example, Champollion et al. (2019) combine a Gricean game-theoretic model of the Rational Speech Act framework with technological advances from Franke and Bergen (2020). The model predicts that listeners will entertain many possible exhausted parses of a speech utterance that includes the universal FCI Any, and that is the reason why the exclusivity implicature is so reliable when compared to other plausible implications.
What is Pragmatics?<br><br>Pragmatics is the study of the connection between context, language and meaning. It asks questions like: What do people really mean when they use words?<br><br>It's a philosophy that is focused on practical and reasonable actions. It is in contrast to idealism which is the belief that one should adhere to their principles regardless of the circumstances.<br><br>What is Pragmatics?<br><br>The study of pragmatics is the way that language users communicate and interact with each other. It is typically thought of as a part of the language however, it differs from semantics in the sense that pragmatics examines what the user is trying to convey, not what the actual meaning is.<br><br>As a research field, pragmatics is relatively new, and its research has been growing rapidly over the past few decades. It has been primarily an academic field of study within linguistics, however it also has an impact on research in other fields such as speech-language pathology, psychology sociolinguistics, and the study of anthropology.<br><br>There are many different perspectives on pragmatics, which have contributed to its growth and development. One is the Gricean pragmatics approach, which is based primarily on the notions of intention and the interaction with the speaker's knowledge of the listener's understanding. Other perspectives on pragmatics include the lexical and conceptual approaches to pragmatics. These perspectives have contributed to the wide range of subjects that pragmatics researchers have investigated.<br><br>The study of pragmatics has covered a broad range of subjects, including L2 pragmatic comprehension and request production by EFL students, as well as the role of the theory of mind in physical and mental metaphors. It has been applied to social and cultural phenomena like political speech, discriminatory speech, and interpersonal communication. Pragmatics researchers also have employed diverse methodologies from experimental to sociocultural.<br><br>The amount of knowledge base in pragmatics is different by database, as shown in Figure 9A-C. The US and the UK are among the top researchers in pragmatics research, however their positions differ based on the database. This difference is due to the fact that pragmatics is an interconnected field that is inextricably linked with other disciplines.<br><br>It is therefore difficult to rank the top authors in pragmatics solely by the quantity of their publications. It is possible to identify influential authors based on their contributions to pragmatics. Bambini is one example. He has contributed to pragmatics through concepts like conversational implicititure and politeness theories. Other authors who have been influential in pragmatics include Grice, Saul and Kasper.<br><br>What is Free Pragmatics?<br><br>The study of pragmatics focuses on the users and contexts of language use, rather than on reference, truth, or grammar. It examines how a single utterance may be understood differently in different contexts. This includes ambiguity as well as indexicality. It also focuses primarily on the strategies employed by listeners to determine if words have a meaning that is communicative. It is closely linked to the theory of conversative implicature, which was first developed by Paul Grice.<br><br>The boundaries between these two disciplines are a subject of debate. While the distinction between these two disciplines is well-known, it is not always clear where they should be drawn. For example some philosophers have claimed that the notion of a sentence's meaning is a part of semantics while others have claimed that this sort of thing should be treated as a pragmatic problem.<br><br>Another issue is whether pragmatics is a branch of philosophy of languages or a subset of the study of the study of linguistics. Some researchers have suggested that pragmatics is a subject in its distinct from the other disciplines and should be considered a distinct part of the field of linguistics, alongside syntax, phonology semantics and so on. Others have suggested the study of pragmatics is an aspect of philosophy because it deals with the way in which our beliefs about meaning and uses of languages influence our theories of how languages work.<br><br>This debate has been fueled by a number of key issues that are fundamental to the study of pragmatics. For instance, [https://www.xn--72c9aa5escud2b.com/webboard/index.php?action=profile;area=forumprofile;u=2317600 프라그마틱 슬롯 하는법] 공식홈페이지 ([https://images.google.com.na/url?q=https://creamwall1.werite.net/responsible-for-a-pragmatic-korea-budget images.google.com.na`s statement on its official blog]) some researchers have suggested that pragmatics isn't a discipline in its own right because it studies the ways in which people interpret and use language, without being able to provide any information regarding what is actually being said. This kind of approach is referred to as far-side pragmatics. Some scholars have argued that the subject is a discipline in its own right since it examines the manner in which the meaning and usage of language is affected by cultural and social factors. This is known as near-side pragmatics.<br><br>Other topics of discussion in pragmatics include the manner in which we understand the nature of utterance interpretation as an inferential process and the role that the primary pragmatic processes play in the analysis of what is being spoken by a speaker in a given sentence. These are topics that are discussed a bit more extensively in the papers by Recanati and Bach. Both papers explore the notions saturation and free enrichment in the context of a pragmatic. These are significant pragmatic processes that influence the overall meaning an utterance.<br><br>What is the difference between free and explanatory Pragmatics?<br><br>The study of pragmatics is how context affects linguistic meaning. It evaluates how human language is utilized in social interactions, as well as the relationship between the speaker and the interpreter. Linguists who specialize in pragmatics are called pragmaticians.<br><br>Over the years, a variety of theories of pragmatism have been developed. Some, such as Gricean pragmatics, focus on the communicative intent of speakers. Others, such as Relevance Theory are focused on the processes of understanding that occur during utterance interpretation by listeners. Some pragmatics theories are merged with other disciplines, like philosophy and cognitive science.<br><br>There are different opinions on the borderline between semantics and pragmatics. Some philosophers, such as Morris, believe that semantics and pragmatics are two separate topics. He argues semantics is concerned with the relationship between signs and objects that they might or may not denote whereas pragmatics is concerned with the use of words in the context.<br><br>Other philosophers, such as Bach and Harnish, have argued that pragmatics is a subfield within semantics. They differentiate between 'near-side and far-side' pragmatics. Near-side pragmatics focuses on what is said, while far-side pragmatics is focused on the logical consequences of saying something. They believe that some of the 'pragmatics' that accompany an expression are already determined by semantics while other 'pragmatics' are defined by the processes of inference.<br><br>The context is one of the most important aspects of pragmatics. This means that the same utterance can mean different things in different contexts, depending on factors such as indexicality and ambiguity. Other factors that could alter the meaning of an expression include discourse structure, speaker intentions and beliefs, and expectations of the listener.<br><br>Another aspect of pragmatics is its particularity to the culture. It is because every culture has its own rules for what is appropriate in different situations. In certain cultures, it's polite to keep eye contact. In other cultures, it's rude.<br><br>There are many different views of pragmatics, and lots of research is being done in the field. Some of the most important areas of study are formal and computational pragmatics as well as experimental and theoretical pragmatics; intercultural and cross-linguistic pragmatics; and pragmatics in the clinical and experimental sense.<br><br>What is the relationship between Free Pragmatics and to Explanatory Pragmatics?<br><br>The discipline of pragmatics, a linguistic field, is concerned with how meaning is conveyed by the use of language in context. It evaluates the way in which the speaker's intentions and beliefs affect the interpretation, with less attention paid to the grammatical aspects of the speech rather than what is said. Pragmaticians are linguists who focus on pragmatics. The subject of pragmatics is linked to other areas of the study of linguistics, such as syntax and semantics or philosophy of language.<br><br>In recent times the field of pragmatics has expanded in many directions. This includes computational linguistics and conversational pragmatics. There is a wide range of research in these areas, addressing topics like the importance of lexical features as well as the interaction between discourse and language, and the nature of the concept of meaning.<br><br>One of the main questions in the philosophical discussion of pragmatics is whether or not it is possible to develop an accurate, systematic understanding of the semantics/pragmatics interface. Some philosophers have argued that it isn't (e.g. Morris 1938, Kaplan 1989). Other philosophers have argued that the distinction between semantics and pragmatics is not well-defined and that they're the identical.<br><br>It is not unusual for scholars to debate back and forth between these two positions and argue that certain events are either semantics or pragmatics. For instance certain scholars argue that if an utterance has an actual truth-conditional meaning, [http://bioimagingcore.be/q2a/user/patchsound7 프라그마틱 공식홈페이지] 정품 확인법 ([https://freeman-hildebrandt-2.mdwrite.net/how-to-tell-the-good-and-bad-about-pragmatic/ freeman-hildebrandt-2.mdwrite.net]) then it is semantics, while other argue that the fact that an utterance may be interpreted in various ways is a sign of pragmatics.<br><br>Other researchers in pragmatics have taken a different view in arguing that the truth-conditional meaning a utterance has is just one of the many ways in which an expression can be understood and that all of these ways are valid. This approach is often known as far-side pragmatics.<br><br>Recent research in pragmatics has sought to integrate semantic and distant side methods. It attempts to capture the entire range of interpretive possibilities for a speaker's utterance, by modeling how the speaker's beliefs and intentions contribute to the interpretation. For example, Champollion et al. (2019) combine an Gricean game-theoretic model of the Rational Speech Act framework with technical innovations from Franke and Bergen (2020). This model predicts listeners will be entertained by a variety of exhausted interpretations of an utterance that contains the universal FCI Any, and that is the reason why the exclusivity implicature is so strong when compared to other plausible implications.

Latest revision as of 20:31, 24 January 2025

What is Pragmatics?

Pragmatics is the study of the connection between context, language and meaning. It asks questions like: What do people really mean when they use words?

It's a philosophy that is focused on practical and reasonable actions. It is in contrast to idealism which is the belief that one should adhere to their principles regardless of the circumstances.

What is Pragmatics?

The study of pragmatics is the way that language users communicate and interact with each other. It is typically thought of as a part of the language however, it differs from semantics in the sense that pragmatics examines what the user is trying to convey, not what the actual meaning is.

As a research field, pragmatics is relatively new, and its research has been growing rapidly over the past few decades. It has been primarily an academic field of study within linguistics, however it also has an impact on research in other fields such as speech-language pathology, psychology sociolinguistics, and the study of anthropology.

There are many different perspectives on pragmatics, which have contributed to its growth and development. One is the Gricean pragmatics approach, which is based primarily on the notions of intention and the interaction with the speaker's knowledge of the listener's understanding. Other perspectives on pragmatics include the lexical and conceptual approaches to pragmatics. These perspectives have contributed to the wide range of subjects that pragmatics researchers have investigated.

The study of pragmatics has covered a broad range of subjects, including L2 pragmatic comprehension and request production by EFL students, as well as the role of the theory of mind in physical and mental metaphors. It has been applied to social and cultural phenomena like political speech, discriminatory speech, and interpersonal communication. Pragmatics researchers also have employed diverse methodologies from experimental to sociocultural.

The amount of knowledge base in pragmatics is different by database, as shown in Figure 9A-C. The US and the UK are among the top researchers in pragmatics research, however their positions differ based on the database. This difference is due to the fact that pragmatics is an interconnected field that is inextricably linked with other disciplines.

It is therefore difficult to rank the top authors in pragmatics solely by the quantity of their publications. It is possible to identify influential authors based on their contributions to pragmatics. Bambini is one example. He has contributed to pragmatics through concepts like conversational implicititure and politeness theories. Other authors who have been influential in pragmatics include Grice, Saul and Kasper.

What is Free Pragmatics?

The study of pragmatics focuses on the users and contexts of language use, rather than on reference, truth, or grammar. It examines how a single utterance may be understood differently in different contexts. This includes ambiguity as well as indexicality. It also focuses primarily on the strategies employed by listeners to determine if words have a meaning that is communicative. It is closely linked to the theory of conversative implicature, which was first developed by Paul Grice.

The boundaries between these two disciplines are a subject of debate. While the distinction between these two disciplines is well-known, it is not always clear where they should be drawn. For example some philosophers have claimed that the notion of a sentence's meaning is a part of semantics while others have claimed that this sort of thing should be treated as a pragmatic problem.

Another issue is whether pragmatics is a branch of philosophy of languages or a subset of the study of the study of linguistics. Some researchers have suggested that pragmatics is a subject in its distinct from the other disciplines and should be considered a distinct part of the field of linguistics, alongside syntax, phonology semantics and so on. Others have suggested the study of pragmatics is an aspect of philosophy because it deals with the way in which our beliefs about meaning and uses of languages influence our theories of how languages work.

This debate has been fueled by a number of key issues that are fundamental to the study of pragmatics. For instance, 프라그마틱 슬롯 하는법 공식홈페이지 (images.google.com.na`s statement on its official blog) some researchers have suggested that pragmatics isn't a discipline in its own right because it studies the ways in which people interpret and use language, without being able to provide any information regarding what is actually being said. This kind of approach is referred to as far-side pragmatics. Some scholars have argued that the subject is a discipline in its own right since it examines the manner in which the meaning and usage of language is affected by cultural and social factors. This is known as near-side pragmatics.

Other topics of discussion in pragmatics include the manner in which we understand the nature of utterance interpretation as an inferential process and the role that the primary pragmatic processes play in the analysis of what is being spoken by a speaker in a given sentence. These are topics that are discussed a bit more extensively in the papers by Recanati and Bach. Both papers explore the notions saturation and free enrichment in the context of a pragmatic. These are significant pragmatic processes that influence the overall meaning an utterance.

What is the difference between free and explanatory Pragmatics?

The study of pragmatics is how context affects linguistic meaning. It evaluates how human language is utilized in social interactions, as well as the relationship between the speaker and the interpreter. Linguists who specialize in pragmatics are called pragmaticians.

Over the years, a variety of theories of pragmatism have been developed. Some, such as Gricean pragmatics, focus on the communicative intent of speakers. Others, such as Relevance Theory are focused on the processes of understanding that occur during utterance interpretation by listeners. Some pragmatics theories are merged with other disciplines, like philosophy and cognitive science.

There are different opinions on the borderline between semantics and pragmatics. Some philosophers, such as Morris, believe that semantics and pragmatics are two separate topics. He argues semantics is concerned with the relationship between signs and objects that they might or may not denote whereas pragmatics is concerned with the use of words in the context.

Other philosophers, such as Bach and Harnish, have argued that pragmatics is a subfield within semantics. They differentiate between 'near-side and far-side' pragmatics. Near-side pragmatics focuses on what is said, while far-side pragmatics is focused on the logical consequences of saying something. They believe that some of the 'pragmatics' that accompany an expression are already determined by semantics while other 'pragmatics' are defined by the processes of inference.

The context is one of the most important aspects of pragmatics. This means that the same utterance can mean different things in different contexts, depending on factors such as indexicality and ambiguity. Other factors that could alter the meaning of an expression include discourse structure, speaker intentions and beliefs, and expectations of the listener.

Another aspect of pragmatics is its particularity to the culture. It is because every culture has its own rules for what is appropriate in different situations. In certain cultures, it's polite to keep eye contact. In other cultures, it's rude.

There are many different views of pragmatics, and lots of research is being done in the field. Some of the most important areas of study are formal and computational pragmatics as well as experimental and theoretical pragmatics; intercultural and cross-linguistic pragmatics; and pragmatics in the clinical and experimental sense.

What is the relationship between Free Pragmatics and to Explanatory Pragmatics?

The discipline of pragmatics, a linguistic field, is concerned with how meaning is conveyed by the use of language in context. It evaluates the way in which the speaker's intentions and beliefs affect the interpretation, with less attention paid to the grammatical aspects of the speech rather than what is said. Pragmaticians are linguists who focus on pragmatics. The subject of pragmatics is linked to other areas of the study of linguistics, such as syntax and semantics or philosophy of language.

In recent times the field of pragmatics has expanded in many directions. This includes computational linguistics and conversational pragmatics. There is a wide range of research in these areas, addressing topics like the importance of lexical features as well as the interaction between discourse and language, and the nature of the concept of meaning.

One of the main questions in the philosophical discussion of pragmatics is whether or not it is possible to develop an accurate, systematic understanding of the semantics/pragmatics interface. Some philosophers have argued that it isn't (e.g. Morris 1938, Kaplan 1989). Other philosophers have argued that the distinction between semantics and pragmatics is not well-defined and that they're the identical.

It is not unusual for scholars to debate back and forth between these two positions and argue that certain events are either semantics or pragmatics. For instance certain scholars argue that if an utterance has an actual truth-conditional meaning, 프라그마틱 공식홈페이지 정품 확인법 (freeman-hildebrandt-2.mdwrite.net) then it is semantics, while other argue that the fact that an utterance may be interpreted in various ways is a sign of pragmatics.

Other researchers in pragmatics have taken a different view in arguing that the truth-conditional meaning a utterance has is just one of the many ways in which an expression can be understood and that all of these ways are valid. This approach is often known as far-side pragmatics.

Recent research in pragmatics has sought to integrate semantic and distant side methods. It attempts to capture the entire range of interpretive possibilities for a speaker's utterance, by modeling how the speaker's beliefs and intentions contribute to the interpretation. For example, Champollion et al. (2019) combine an Gricean game-theoretic model of the Rational Speech Act framework with technical innovations from Franke and Bergen (2020). This model predicts listeners will be entertained by a variety of exhausted interpretations of an utterance that contains the universal FCI Any, and that is the reason why the exclusivity implicature is so strong when compared to other plausible implications.