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What is Pragmatics?<br><br>Pragmatics is the study of the connection between context, language and meaning. It poses questions such as What do people really mean when they use words?<br><br>It's a philosophy that is based on practical and reasonable action. It's in opposition to idealism, the belief that you must abide to your beliefs.<br><br>What is Pragmatics?<br><br>Pragmatics is the study of ways in which language users gain meaning from and each other. It is usually thought of as a part of language, although it differs from semantics in that pragmatics examines what the user intends to convey rather than what the actual meaning is.<br><br>As a field of study it is comparatively new and its research has grown rapidly in the last few decades. It has been mostly an academic discipline within linguistics, however it also has an impact on research in other fields such as speech-language pathology, psychology sociolinguistics and the study of anthropology.<br><br>There are a variety of perspectives on pragmatics that have contributed to its development and growth. For example, one perspective is the Gricean approach to pragmatics, which focuses on the notion of intention and how it relates to the speaker's knowledge of the listener's understanding. The lexical and concept strategies for pragmatics are also perspectives on the topic. These perspectives have contributed to the wide range of subjects that researchers in pragmatics have investigated.<br><br>The study of pragmatics has been focused on a wide range of topics, including L2 pragmatic comprehension, request production by EFL learners and the role of theory of mind in physical and mental metaphors. It has been applied to cultural and social phenomena like political speech, discriminatory speech, and [https://cphallconstlts.com/employer/pragmatic-kr/ 프라그마틱 사이트] interpersonal communication. Pragmatics researchers have also used diverse methodologies from experimental to sociocultural.<br><br>Figure 9A-C illustrates that the size of the knowledge base for pragmatics differs depending on which database is utilized. The US and the UK are among the top contributors to pragmatics research, but their ranking varies by database. This is due to pragmatics being multidisciplinary and interspersed with other disciplines.<br><br>This makes it difficult to rank the top pragmatics authors by the number of publications they have. It is possible to identify influential authors by examining their contributions to the field of pragmatics. For example Bambini's contribution in pragmatics has led to concepts like conversational implicature and politeness theory. Other highly influential authors in pragmatics include Grice,  [https://git.nasp.fit/pragmaticplay2972 프라그마틱 슬롯 하는법] Saul and  [http://rgo4u.com/bbs/board.php?bo_table=free&wr_id=18 프라그마틱 공식홈페이지] Kasper.<br><br>What is Free Pragmatics?<br><br>The study of pragmatics is more concerned with the contexts and the users of language than it is with truth or reference, or grammar. It focuses on the ways in which one expression can be understood to mean different things in different contexts and also those caused by indexicality or ambiguity. It also focuses on strategies that listeners employ to determine whether phrases are intended to be communicated. It is closely connected to the theory of conversational implicature, developed by Paul Grice.<br><br>The boundaries between these two disciplines are a matter of debate. While the distinction is widely known, [http://devhub.dost.gov.ph/pragmaticplay7275 프라그마틱 슬롯 체험] 슬롯 사이트, [https://connectingsparks.com/read-blog/6281_7-small-changes-you-can-make-that-039-ll-make-a-big-difference-in-your-free-prag.html discover this], it isn't always clear where they should be drawn. For instance philosophers have suggested that the notion of a sentence meaning is an aspect of semantics. Others have claimed that this sort of thing should be viewed as a pragmatic issue.<br><br>Another debate is whether pragmatics is a branch of philosophy of languages or a subset of the study of the study of linguistics. Some researchers have argued pragmatics is an autonomous discipline and should be treated as part of linguistics alongside phonology. syntax, semantics, etc. Others have argued that the study of pragmatics is a part of philosophy because it focuses on how our notions of the meaning and use of languages influence our theories of how languages function.<br><br>There are a few major issues in the study of pragmatics that have fuelled much of this debate. For example, some scholars have claimed that pragmatics isn't an academic discipline in and of itself since it examines the ways people interpret and use language without necessarily referring to any facts regarding what is actually being said. This type of approach is referred to as far-side pragmatics. Other scholars, however, have argued that this study should be considered a field in its own right because it examines the manner in which the meaning and usage of language is dependent on cultural and social factors. This is referred to as near-side pragmatics.<br><br>Other topics of discussion in pragmatics include the way in which we understand the nature of the interpretation of utterances as an inferential process, and the role that primary pragmatic processes play in the analysis of what is being spoken by a speaker in a given sentence. Recanati and Bach discuss these topics in greater depth. Both papers discuss the notions a saturation and a free enrichment of the pragmatic. These are important pragmatic processes that shape the overall meaning an utterance.<br><br>What is the difference between explanatory and free Pragmatics?<br><br>Pragmatics is the study of the role that context plays to the meaning of language. It studies the way that human language is used during social interaction as well as the relationship between the speaker and interpreter. Linguists who specialize in pragmatics are known as pragmaticians.<br><br>Different theories of pragmatics have been developed over the years. Some, like Gricean pragmatics focus on the communication intent of the speaker. Relevance Theory for instance is a study of the processes of understanding that take place when listeners interpret the meaning of utterances. Certain pragmatic approaches have been combined together with other disciplines like philosophy or cognitive science.<br><br>There are also differing opinions on the boundary between semantics and pragmatics. Certain philosophers, such as Morris, believe that semantics and pragmatics are two separate topics. He claims semantics concerns the relationship of signs to objects they could or [https://www.myungbosa.co.kr/bbs/board.php?bo_table=free&wr_id=21/ 프라그마틱 카지노] might not denote whereas pragmatics is concerned with the use of words in context.<br><br>Other philosophers like Bach and Harnish have claimed that pragmatism is a subfield of semantics. They distinguish between 'near-side' and 'far-side' pragmatics. Near-side pragmatics concentrates on the words spoken, while far-side pragmatics focuses on the logical consequences of saying something. They believe that a portion of the 'pragmatics' in the words spoken are already influenced by semantics, while other 'pragmatics' is defined by the processes of inference.<br><br>One of the most important aspects of pragmatics is that it is contextually dependent. This means that a single utterance may have different meanings depending on the context, such as ambiguity or indexicality. Other elements that can alter the meaning of an utterance include discourse structure, speaker intentions and beliefs, as well as listener expectations.<br><br>Another aspect of pragmatics is that it is a matter of culture. It is because each culture has its own rules regarding what is appropriate in various situations. In some cultures, it's considered polite to look at each other. In other cultures, it's considered rude.<br><br>There are many different perspectives on pragmatics and lots of research is being conducted in this area. The main areas of research include: formal and computational pragmatics theoretic and experimental pragmatics; cross-cultural and intercultural pragmatics; pragmatics that are experimental and clinical.<br><br>What is the relationship between free Pragmatics and to explanation Pragmatics?<br><br>The pragmatics discipline is concerned with the way meaning is communicated through the language in a context. It focuses less on the grammatical structure of an utterance and more on what the speaker is actually saying. Linguists who specialize in pragmatics are referred to as pragmaticians. The subject of pragmatics is related to other linguistics areas, like syntax, semantics, and the philosophy of language.<br><br>In recent years the area of pragmatics has been developing in a variety of directions, including computational linguistics, pragmatics of conversation, and theoretic pragmatics. There is a wide range of research conducted in these areas, with a focus on topics such as the role of lexical elements and the interaction between language and discourse and the nature of the concept of meaning.<br><br>In the philosophical debate about pragmatism, one of the major issues is whether it is possible to provide a thorough and systematic account of the interplay between semantics and pragmatics. Some philosophers have suggested that it's not (e.g. Morris 1938, Kaplan 1989). Other philosophers have suggested that the distinction between pragmatics and semantics is not clear and that pragmatics and semantics are in fact the same thing.<br><br>It is not uncommon for scholars to debate back and forth between these two positions, arguing that certain phenomena fall under either pragmatics or semantics. Some scholars believe that if a statement carries a literal truth conditional meaning, it's semantics. Others contend that the fact that a statement can be read differently is a sign of pragmatics.<br><br>Other researchers in pragmatics have taken a different view and argue that the truth-conditional meaning a utterance has is only one among many ways in which the utterance may be interpreted, and that all of these ways are valid. This method is often known as far-side pragmatics.<br><br>Recent work in pragmatics has sought to integrate the concepts of semantics and far-side, attempting to capture the entire range of interpretive possibilities for an utterance by modeling how a speaker's beliefs and intentions affect the interpretation. For example, Champollion et al. (2019) combine a Gricean game-theoretic model of the Rational Speech Act framework with technical innovations from Franke and Bergen (2020). The model predicts that listeners will be entertained by a variety of exhausted interpretations of an speech that is a part of the universal FCI Any, and that is the reason why the exclusivity implicature is so reliable in comparison to other possible implications.
What is Pragmatics?<br><br>Pragmatics studies the connection between language and context. It addresses issues such as: What do people mean by the words they use?<br><br>It's a way of thinking that focuses on the practical and sensible actions. It's in contrast to idealism, the notion that you must abide to your beliefs.<br><br>What is Pragmatics?<br><br>The study of pragmatics focuses on the way that language users interact and communicate with each and with each other. It is often viewed as a component of language, but it differs from semantics because pragmatics concentrates on what the user is trying to convey and not on what the actual meaning is.<br><br>As a field of research, pragmatics is relatively young and its research has grown rapidly in the last few decades. It is a language academic field however, it has also had an impact on research in other fields such as psychology, sociolinguistics and Anthropology.<br><br>There are many different methods of pragmatics that have contributed to the development and growth of this discipline. One is the Gricean pragmatics approach, which focuses on the notions of intention and its interaction with the speaker's knowledge of the listener's comprehension. Other perspectives on pragmatics include conceptual and lexical approaches to pragmatics. These perspectives have contributed to the wide range of subjects that researchers in pragmatics have researched.<br><br>The research in pragmatics has covered a broad variety of topics, including pragmatic understanding in L2 and request production by EFL students, as well as the role of the theory of mind in mental and physical metaphors. It has been applied to cultural and social phenomena such as political speech, discriminatory speech, and interpersonal communication. Researchers in pragmatics have used various methods from experimental to sociocultural.<br><br>The size of the knowledge base in pragmatics differs according to the database, as illustrated in Figure 9A-C. The US and the UK are two of the top contributors in research on pragmatics. However, their rank is dependent on the database. This is due to pragmatics being an interconnected field that connects other disciplines.<br><br>This makes it difficult to rank the top authors of pragmatics by their publications only. It is possible to determine influential authors by examining their contributions to pragmatics. For instance Bambini's contribution in pragmatics is a pioneering concept such as conversational implicature, and politeness theory. Grice, Saul, and Kasper are also highly influential authors of pragmatics.<br><br>What is Free Pragmatics?<br><br>The study of pragmatics is more concerned with the contexts and language users than it is with truth grammar, reference, or. It focuses on how a single utterance may be understood differently in different contexts. This includes ambiguity as well as indexicality. It also focuses on strategies that listeners employ to determine if utterances are intended to be a communication. It is closely connected to the theory of conversative implicature, which was first developed by Paul Grice.<br><br>The boundaries between these two disciplines are a matter of debate. While the distinction between these two disciplines is widely recognized, it's not always clear where they should be drawn. For example, some philosophers have argued that the concept of sentence's meaning is a part of semantics, while others have argued that this type of thing should be viewed as a pragmatic issue.<br><br>Another issue is whether pragmatics is a subfield of philosophy of languages or a branch of the study of the study of linguistics. Some researchers have suggested that pragmatics is a field in its distinct from the other disciplines and should be treated as distinct from linguistics alongside phonology,  [https://tupalo.com/en/users/7493721 프라그마틱 정품확인] syntax, semantics and more. Others have claimed that the study of pragmatics is an aspect of philosophy of language since it deals with the ways in which our ideas about the meanings and functions of language affect our theories about how languages work.<br><br>This debate has been fueled by a few key questions that are essential to the study of pragmatics. For instance, some scholars have claimed that pragmatics isn't an academic discipline in and of itself because it studies the ways that people interpret and use language without using any data about what actually gets said. This kind of approach is known as far-side pragmatics. Some scholars, however have argued that this research ought to be considered a discipline of its own since it studies how social and cultural factors influence the meaning and use language. This is referred to as near-side pragmatics.<br><br>Other topics of discussion in pragmatics include the way we perceive the nature of the interpretation of utterances as an inferential process and the role that primary pragmatic processes play in the analysis of what is said by a speaker in a given sentence. These are the issues more thoroughly discussed in the papers of Recanati and Bach. Both papers address the notions of the concept of saturation and free enrichment in the context of a pragmatic. These are important pragmatic processes that shape the meaning of utterances.<br><br>What is the difference between Free Pragmatics and [https://images.google.bg/url?q=https://squareblogs.net/ganderbaby4/13-things-you-should-know-about-pragmatic-free-trial-slot-buff-that-you-might 무료슬롯 프라그마틱] 정품인증 ([http://tawassol.univ-tebessa.dz/index.php?qa=user&qa_1=tightsbobcat4 read this post here]) from Explanatory Pragmatics?<br><br>Pragmatics is the study of the role that context plays to linguistic meaning. It studies the way that human language is used during social interactions and the relationship between the speaker and interpreter. Pragmaticians are linguists who focus on pragmatics.<br><br>Over the years, many different theories of pragmatism have been developed. Some, like Gricean pragmatics focus on the intention of communication of a speaker. Others, like Relevance Theory concentrate on the understanding processes that occur during utterance interpretation by hearers. Some approaches to pragmatics have been combined with other disciplines, including cognitive science and philosophy.<br><br>There are also a variety of opinions on the boundary between pragmatics and semantics. Certain philosophers, such as Morris believes that pragmatics and semantics are two distinct subjects. He claims semantics is concerned with the relationship of signs to objects that they might or may not refer to, whereas pragmatics is concerned with the use of words in a context.<br><br>Other philosophers, such as Bach and Harnish have argued that pragmatism is a subfield of semantics. They differentiate between 'near-side' and 'far-side' pragmatics. Near-side pragmatics focuses on the words spoken, while far-side pragmatics focuses on the logical implications of saying something. They argue that a portion of the 'pragmatics' in the words spoken are already determined by semantics while the rest is determined by pragmatic processes of inference.<br><br>One of the most important aspects of pragmatics is that it is contextually dependent. This means that a single word can have different meanings based on the context, such as indexicality or ambiguity. The structure of the conversation, [http://www.hebian.cn/home.php?mod=space&uid=3534310 프라그마틱 정품 사이트] the beliefs of the speaker and intentions, and expectations of the listener can alter the meaning of a phrase.<br><br>A second aspect of pragmatics is its cultural specificity. This is due to different cultures having their own rules regarding what is acceptable to say in various situations. For example, it is polite in some cultures to keep eye contact but it is considered rude in other cultures.<br><br>There are many different perspectives of pragmatics, and lots of research is conducted in the field. The main areas of research include: formal and computational pragmatics as well as experimental and theoretical pragmatics; cross-cultural and intercultural pragmatics; as well as clinical and experimental pragmatics.<br><br>How does free Pragmatics compare to explanatory Pragmatics?<br><br>The discipline of pragmatics is concerned with the way meaning is communicated by language in context. It evaluates how the speaker's intentions and beliefs affect the interpretation, focusing less on the grammatical aspects of the speech rather than what is said. Pragmaticians are linguists who focus in pragmatics. The subject of pragmatics is closely related to other areas of linguistics such as semantics, syntax and philosophy of language.<br><br>In recent years, the area of pragmatics has been developing in a variety of directions such as computational linguistics pragmatics in conversation, [https://www.google.co.mz/url?q=https://mcclain-kirby.blogbright.net/why-you-should-concentrate-on-improving-pragmatic-official-website-1726649609 프라그마틱 슬롯 무료체험] and theoretical pragmatics. There is a variety of research in these areas, with a focus on topics such as the role of lexical elements as well as the interaction between language and discourse,  [https://www.google.ci/url?q=https://blogfreely.net/combbrown22/pragmatic-sugar-rush-the-good-the-bad-and-the-ugly 프라그마틱 슬롯 무료] and the nature of meaning itself.<br><br>In the philosophical discussion of pragmatism, one of the major issues is whether it is possible to give a rigorous and systematic analysis of the relationship between semantics and pragmatics. Some philosophers have argued that it's not (e.g. Morris 1938, Kaplan 1989). Other philosophers have argued that the distinction between pragmatics and semantics is ill-defined and that pragmatics and semantics are really the identical.<br><br>It is not unusual for scholars to go back and forth between these two perspectives and argue that certain phenomena are either pragmatics or semantics. Some scholars say that if a statement has a literal truth conditional meaning, it's semantics. Others believe that the possibility that a statement may be read differently is a sign of pragmatics.<br><br>Other pragmatics researchers have adopted an alternative route. They argue that the truth-conditional interpretation of a sentence is just one of the many possible interpretations and that they are all valid. This is often called "far-side pragmatics".<br><br>Recent work in pragmatics has tried to integrate semantic and far side methods. It attempts to represent the full range of interpretive possibilities for a speaker's utterance, by modeling how the speaker's beliefs and intentions influence the interpretation. For example, Champollion et al. The 2019 version is a Gricean model of the Rational Speech Act framework, with technical innovations developed by Franke and Bergen. The model predicts that listeners will entertain a variety of possible exhaustified versions of an utterance containing the universal FCI any which is what makes the exclusivity implicature so strong when compared to other plausible implicatures.

Latest revision as of 11:20, 25 January 2025

What is Pragmatics?

Pragmatics studies the connection between language and context. It addresses issues such as: What do people mean by the words they use?

It's a way of thinking that focuses on the practical and sensible actions. It's in contrast to idealism, the notion that you must abide to your beliefs.

What is Pragmatics?

The study of pragmatics focuses on the way that language users interact and communicate with each and with each other. It is often viewed as a component of language, but it differs from semantics because pragmatics concentrates on what the user is trying to convey and not on what the actual meaning is.

As a field of research, pragmatics is relatively young and its research has grown rapidly in the last few decades. It is a language academic field however, it has also had an impact on research in other fields such as psychology, sociolinguistics and Anthropology.

There are many different methods of pragmatics that have contributed to the development and growth of this discipline. One is the Gricean pragmatics approach, which focuses on the notions of intention and its interaction with the speaker's knowledge of the listener's comprehension. Other perspectives on pragmatics include conceptual and lexical approaches to pragmatics. These perspectives have contributed to the wide range of subjects that researchers in pragmatics have researched.

The research in pragmatics has covered a broad variety of topics, including pragmatic understanding in L2 and request production by EFL students, as well as the role of the theory of mind in mental and physical metaphors. It has been applied to cultural and social phenomena such as political speech, discriminatory speech, and interpersonal communication. Researchers in pragmatics have used various methods from experimental to sociocultural.

The size of the knowledge base in pragmatics differs according to the database, as illustrated in Figure 9A-C. The US and the UK are two of the top contributors in research on pragmatics. However, their rank is dependent on the database. This is due to pragmatics being an interconnected field that connects other disciplines.

This makes it difficult to rank the top authors of pragmatics by their publications only. It is possible to determine influential authors by examining their contributions to pragmatics. For instance Bambini's contribution in pragmatics is a pioneering concept such as conversational implicature, and politeness theory. Grice, Saul, and Kasper are also highly influential authors of pragmatics.

What is Free Pragmatics?

The study of pragmatics is more concerned with the contexts and language users than it is with truth grammar, reference, or. It focuses on how a single utterance may be understood differently in different contexts. This includes ambiguity as well as indexicality. It also focuses on strategies that listeners employ to determine if utterances are intended to be a communication. It is closely connected to the theory of conversative implicature, which was first developed by Paul Grice.

The boundaries between these two disciplines are a matter of debate. While the distinction between these two disciplines is widely recognized, it's not always clear where they should be drawn. For example, some philosophers have argued that the concept of sentence's meaning is a part of semantics, while others have argued that this type of thing should be viewed as a pragmatic issue.

Another issue is whether pragmatics is a subfield of philosophy of languages or a branch of the study of the study of linguistics. Some researchers have suggested that pragmatics is a field in its distinct from the other disciplines and should be treated as distinct from linguistics alongside phonology, 프라그마틱 정품확인 syntax, semantics and more. Others have claimed that the study of pragmatics is an aspect of philosophy of language since it deals with the ways in which our ideas about the meanings and functions of language affect our theories about how languages work.

This debate has been fueled by a few key questions that are essential to the study of pragmatics. For instance, some scholars have claimed that pragmatics isn't an academic discipline in and of itself because it studies the ways that people interpret and use language without using any data about what actually gets said. This kind of approach is known as far-side pragmatics. Some scholars, however have argued that this research ought to be considered a discipline of its own since it studies how social and cultural factors influence the meaning and use language. This is referred to as near-side pragmatics.

Other topics of discussion in pragmatics include the way we perceive the nature of the interpretation of utterances as an inferential process and the role that primary pragmatic processes play in the analysis of what is said by a speaker in a given sentence. These are the issues more thoroughly discussed in the papers of Recanati and Bach. Both papers address the notions of the concept of saturation and free enrichment in the context of a pragmatic. These are important pragmatic processes that shape the meaning of utterances.

What is the difference between Free Pragmatics and 무료슬롯 프라그마틱 정품인증 (read this post here) from Explanatory Pragmatics?

Pragmatics is the study of the role that context plays to linguistic meaning. It studies the way that human language is used during social interactions and the relationship between the speaker and interpreter. Pragmaticians are linguists who focus on pragmatics.

Over the years, many different theories of pragmatism have been developed. Some, like Gricean pragmatics focus on the intention of communication of a speaker. Others, like Relevance Theory concentrate on the understanding processes that occur during utterance interpretation by hearers. Some approaches to pragmatics have been combined with other disciplines, including cognitive science and philosophy.

There are also a variety of opinions on the boundary between pragmatics and semantics. Certain philosophers, such as Morris believes that pragmatics and semantics are two distinct subjects. He claims semantics is concerned with the relationship of signs to objects that they might or may not refer to, whereas pragmatics is concerned with the use of words in a context.

Other philosophers, such as Bach and Harnish have argued that pragmatism is a subfield of semantics. They differentiate between 'near-side' and 'far-side' pragmatics. Near-side pragmatics focuses on the words spoken, while far-side pragmatics focuses on the logical implications of saying something. They argue that a portion of the 'pragmatics' in the words spoken are already determined by semantics while the rest is determined by pragmatic processes of inference.

One of the most important aspects of pragmatics is that it is contextually dependent. This means that a single word can have different meanings based on the context, such as indexicality or ambiguity. The structure of the conversation, 프라그마틱 정품 사이트 the beliefs of the speaker and intentions, and expectations of the listener can alter the meaning of a phrase.

A second aspect of pragmatics is its cultural specificity. This is due to different cultures having their own rules regarding what is acceptable to say in various situations. For example, it is polite in some cultures to keep eye contact but it is considered rude in other cultures.

There are many different perspectives of pragmatics, and lots of research is conducted in the field. The main areas of research include: formal and computational pragmatics as well as experimental and theoretical pragmatics; cross-cultural and intercultural pragmatics; as well as clinical and experimental pragmatics.

How does free Pragmatics compare to explanatory Pragmatics?

The discipline of pragmatics is concerned with the way meaning is communicated by language in context. It evaluates how the speaker's intentions and beliefs affect the interpretation, focusing less on the grammatical aspects of the speech rather than what is said. Pragmaticians are linguists who focus in pragmatics. The subject of pragmatics is closely related to other areas of linguistics such as semantics, syntax and philosophy of language.

In recent years, the area of pragmatics has been developing in a variety of directions such as computational linguistics pragmatics in conversation, 프라그마틱 슬롯 무료체험 and theoretical pragmatics. There is a variety of research in these areas, with a focus on topics such as the role of lexical elements as well as the interaction between language and discourse, 프라그마틱 슬롯 무료 and the nature of meaning itself.

In the philosophical discussion of pragmatism, one of the major issues is whether it is possible to give a rigorous and systematic analysis of the relationship between semantics and pragmatics. Some philosophers have argued that it's not (e.g. Morris 1938, Kaplan 1989). Other philosophers have argued that the distinction between pragmatics and semantics is ill-defined and that pragmatics and semantics are really the identical.

It is not unusual for scholars to go back and forth between these two perspectives and argue that certain phenomena are either pragmatics or semantics. Some scholars say that if a statement has a literal truth conditional meaning, it's semantics. Others believe that the possibility that a statement may be read differently is a sign of pragmatics.

Other pragmatics researchers have adopted an alternative route. They argue that the truth-conditional interpretation of a sentence is just one of the many possible interpretations and that they are all valid. This is often called "far-side pragmatics".

Recent work in pragmatics has tried to integrate semantic and far side methods. It attempts to represent the full range of interpretive possibilities for a speaker's utterance, by modeling how the speaker's beliefs and intentions influence the interpretation. For example, Champollion et al. The 2019 version is a Gricean model of the Rational Speech Act framework, with technical innovations developed by Franke and Bergen. The model predicts that listeners will entertain a variety of possible exhaustified versions of an utterance containing the universal FCI any which is what makes the exclusivity implicature so strong when compared to other plausible implicatures.