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What is Pragmatics?<br><br>Pragmatics is the study of the relationship between language, context and meaning. It deals with questions such as: What do people mean by the terms they use?<br><br>It's a philosophy that focuses on the practical and sensible actions. It's in opposition to idealism, which is the belief that you must abide to your beliefs.<br><br>What is Pragmatics?<br><br>The study of pragmatics focuses on the way that language users interact and communicate with one and with each other. It is often viewed as a part of a language, however it differs from semantics since it focuses on what the user is trying to convey and not what the actual meaning is.<br><br>As a research field it is still young and its research has grown rapidly in the last few decades. It has been primarily an academic discipline within linguistics but it also influences research in other fields like speech-language pathology, psychology, sociolinguistics, and anthropology.<br><br>There are a myriad of ways to approach pragmatics that have contributed to the development and [https://fakenews.win/wiki/Say_Yes_To_These_5_Pragmatic_Free_Trial_Meta_Tips 프라그마틱 슬롯 사이트] growth of this discipline. One perspective is the Gricean pragmatics approach, which is based primarily on the notions of intention and the interaction with the speaker's knowledge about the listener's comprehension. Other perspectives on pragmatics include conceptual and lexical approaches to pragmatics. These perspectives have contributed to the wide range of subjects that researchers studying pragmatics have investigated.<br><br>The study of pragmatics has focused on a broad range of topics that include L2 pragmatic comprehension and request production by EFL learners, and the role of theory of mind in both mental and physical metaphors. It can also be applied to various social and cultural phenomena, such as political discourse, discriminatory language, and interpersonal communication. Pragmatics researchers have also employed various methods, from experimental to sociocultural.<br><br>Figure 9A-C demonstrates that the size of the knowledge base for pragmatics varies depending on which database is used. The US and the UK are among the top researchers in pragmatics research, yet their ranking varies by database. This is due to the fact that pragmatics is an interconnected field that is inextricably linked with other disciplines.<br><br>This makes it difficult to classify the top authors in pragmatics by their number of publications alone. It is possible to determine influential authors based on their contributions to pragmatics. Bambini, for example, has contributed to pragmatics by introducing concepts like politeness theories and conversational implicititure. Other highly influential authors in pragmatics include Grice, Saul and Kasper.<br><br>What is Free Pragmatics?<br><br>The study of pragmatics is more concerned with the contexts and language users rather than with truth or [https://debtorsalad8.bravejournal.net/10-quick-tips-about-pragmatic-korea 무료슬롯 프라그마틱] reference, or grammar. It focuses on how one phrase can be interpreted differently in different contexts. This includes ambiguity as well as indexicality. It also focuses primarily on the strategies employed by listeners to determine which words have a meaning that is communicative. It is closely related to the theory of conversational implicature which was developed by Paul Grice.<br><br>The boundaries between these two disciplines are a matter of debate. While the distinction between these two disciplines is widely known, it isn't always clear where they should be drawn. For example philosophers have suggested that the notion of a sentence's meaning is a part of semantics while others have argued that this kind of thing should be considered as a pragmatic problem.<br><br>Another debate is whether pragmatics is a part of philosophy of languages or a part of the study of the study of linguistics. Some researchers have argued pragmatics is an independent field and should be treated as part of linguistics, along with phonology. Syntax, semantics, etc. Others have argued that the study of pragmatics is a component of philosophy since it examines how our notions of meaning and uses of languages influence our theories about how languages function.<br><br>This debate has been fueled by a few key questions that are essential to the study of pragmatism. Some scholars have argued, for example, that pragmatics isn't a subject in its own right because it studies how people interpret and use the language without necessarily referring back to actual facts about what was said. This kind of method is known as far-side pragmatics. Certain scholars have argued that this field ought to be considered an academic discipline because it examines how cultural and  [https://moparwiki.win/wiki/Post:Quiz_How_Much_Do_You_Know_About_Pragmatic_Genuine 프라그마틱 슬롯 체험] social influences affect the meaning and usage of language. This is known as near-side pragmatics.<br><br>Other topics of discussion in pragmatics are the ways we perceive the nature of utterance interpretation as an inferential process and the importance that primary pragmatic processes play in the determining of what is being spoken by the speaker in a particular sentence. These are the issues more thoroughly discussed in the papers written by Recanati and Bach. Both of these papers discuss the notions of saturation as well as free pragmatic enrichment, which are crucial pragmatic processes in the sense that they help to shape the overall meaning of an utterance.<br><br>What is the difference between Free Pragmatics and from Explanatory Pragmatics?<br><br>Pragmatics is the study of the role that context plays to the meaning of a language. It analyzes how human language is used in social interaction, and the relationship between the speaker and the interpreter. Pragmaticians are linguists that focus in pragmatics.<br><br>Over the years, many different theories of pragmatism have been proposed. Some, such as Gricean pragmatics, focus on the intention of communication of a speaker. Others, such as Relevance Theory, focus on the understanding processes that occur during the interpretation of words by listeners. Some approaches to pragmatics are merged with other disciplines, such as philosophy and cognitive science.<br><br>There are also different views regarding the boundary between semantics and pragmatics. Morris is one philosopher who believes that semantics and pragmatism are two different topics. He asserts that semantics is concerned with the relationship between signs and objects they may or may not denote whereas pragmatics is concerned with the use of words in the context.<br><br>Other philosophers, such as Bach and Harnish, have argued that pragmatics is a subfield of semantics. They distinguish between 'nearside and 'far-side' pragmatism. Near-side pragmatics concentrates on what is said, whereas far-side pragmatics concentrates on the logical implications of saying something. They claim that some of the 'pragmatics' in the words spoken are already determined by semantics, while other 'pragmatics' is determined by pragmatic processes of inference.<br><br>The context is among the most important aspects in pragmatics. This means that a single word could have different meanings based on factors such as ambiguity or indexicality. Other elements that can alter the meaning of an expression are the structure of the speech, the speaker's intentions and beliefs, as well as the expectations of the listener.<br><br>A second aspect of pragmatics is its cultural specificity. This is because each culture has its own rules regarding what is acceptable in various situations. For instance, it's acceptable in certain cultures to keep eye contact but it is considered rude in other cultures.<br><br>There are various perspectives on pragmatics and lots of research is being conducted in this field. There are a variety of areas of study, including pragmatics that are computational and formal theoretic and experimental pragmatism, intercultural and cross linguistic pragmatics and pragmatics in the clinical and experimental sense.<br><br>What is the relationship between free Pragmatics and to explanation Pragmatics?<br><br>The linguistic discipline of pragmatics is concerned with how meaning is conveyed through the use of language in context. It focuses less on the grammatical structure of an utterance and more on what the speaker is saying. Pragmaticians are linguists who specialize on pragmatics. The topic of pragmatics is related to other areas of linguistics, such as syntax, semantics, and the philosophy of language.<br><br>In recent years, the field of pragmatics has developed in several different directions that include computational linguistics, conversational pragmatics, and theoretical pragmatics. There is a wide range of research conducted in these areas, which address issues such as the significance of lexical elements, the interaction between language and discourse, and the nature of meaning itself.<br><br>In the philosophical debate about pragmatics one of the most important questions is whether it is possible to give a rigorous and systematic account of the interplay between pragmatics and semantics. Some philosophers have claimed it isn't (e.g. Morris 1938, Kaplan 1989). Other philosophers have claimed that the distinction between semantics and pragmatics is ill-defined and that semantics and pragmatics are really the same thing.<br><br>It is not uncommon for scholars to argue back and forth between these two perspectives, arguing that certain phenomena fall under either semantics or pragmatics. For instance certain scholars argue that if an expression has an actual truth-conditional meaning, then it is semantics, while others argue that the fact that an expression can be interpreted in a variety of ways is pragmatics.<br><br>Other researchers in the field of pragmatics have taken a different view and argue that the truth-conditional meaning a utterance has is just one of the many ways that the word can be interpreted and that all of these ways are valid. This method is sometimes called "far-side pragmatics".<br><br>Recent research in pragmatics has attempted to combine semantic and far side approaches. It tries to capture the full range of interpretational possibilities that a speaker's speech can offer by illustrating the way in which the speaker's beliefs and intentions contribute to the interpretation. For example, [https://menwiki.men/wiki/Enough_Already_15_Things_About_How_To_Check_The_Authenticity_Of_Pragmatic_Were_Tired_Of_Hearing 프라그마틱 정품 사이트] Champollion et al. (2019) combine an Gricean game-theoretic model of the Rational Speech Act framework with technological advances from Franke and Bergen (2020). The model predicts that listeners will be able to consider a variety of possible exhaustified interpretations of a utterance that contains the universal FCI any, and that this is what makes the exclusivity implicature so robust as contrasted to other possible implicatures.
What is Pragmatics?<br><br>Pragmatics is the study of the connection between context, language and [https://bookmarkfriend.com/story18322120/find-out-more-about-pragmatic-demo-when-you-work-from-the-comfort-of-your-home 프라그마틱 슬롯 무료체험] meaning. It asks questions like What do people really mean when they speak in terms?<br><br>It's a philosophy that focuses on the practical and sensible actions. It's in contrast to idealism, [https://mediasocially.com/story3570693/20-myths-about-pragmatic-image-busted 프라그마틱 무료 슬롯버프] 슈가러쉬 ([https://worldlistpro.com/ go!!]) which is the belief that you must abide to your beliefs.<br><br>What is Pragmatics?<br><br>Pragmatics is the study of ways in which language users find meaning from and each other. It is usually thought of as a part of language, although it differs from semantics in that pragmatics examines what the user wants to convey rather than what the actual meaning is.<br><br>As a research area it is comparatively new and research in the area has grown rapidly in the last few decades. It is a linguistics-related academic field however, it has also had an impact on research in other fields like sociolinguistics, psychology, and anthropology.<br><br>There are many different approaches to pragmatics that have contributed to the development and growth of this discipline. One is the Gricean pragmatics approach, which focuses on the notion of intention and their interaction with the speaker's understanding of the listener's understanding. The lexical and concept perspectives on pragmatics are likewise perspectives on the topic. These perspectives have contributed to the variety of topics that researchers in pragmatics have investigated.<br><br>The research in pragmatics has been focused on a broad range of topics that include L2 pragmatic comprehension and request production by EFL learners, and the role of theory of mind in mental and physical metaphors. It has been applied to social and cultural phenomena like political discourse, discriminatory speech and interpersonal communication. Researchers studying pragmatics have employed various methods from experimental to sociocultural.<br><br>The size of the knowledge base in pragmatics differs according to the database used, as shown in Figure 9A-C. The US and the UK are among the top producers of pragmatics research, but their positions differ based on the database. This is due to pragmatics being a multidisciplinary area that intersects other disciplines.<br><br>It is therefore hard to classify the top pragmatics authors according to the number of publications they have published. However, it is possible to identify the most influential authors by examining their contributions to pragmatics. For instance Bambini's contribution in pragmatics includes pioneering concepts such as conversational implicature and [https://get-social-now.com/story3584855/15-pragmatic-free-trial-meta-benefits-you-should-all-be-able-to 무료슬롯 프라그마틱] politeness theory. Grice, Saul, and Kasper are also influential authors of pragmatics.<br><br>What is Free Pragmatics?<br><br>The study of pragmatics is more concerned with the contexts and users of language as opposed to the study of truth grammar, [https://socialmphl.com/story20189623/the-under-appreciated-benefits-of-pragmatic-free-slots 프라그마틱 이미지] reference, or. It focuses on the ways in which an utterance can be understood as meaning different things in different contexts and also those caused by ambiguity or indexicality. It also focuses primarily on the strategies used by listeners to determine if utterances have a communicative intent. It is closely linked to the theory of conversational implicature, which was developed by Paul Grice.<br><br>The boundaries between these two disciplines are a subject of debate. While the distinction is widely recognized, it's not always clear how they should be drawn. For instance, some philosophers have argued that the notion of a sentence meaning is an aspect of semantics, while others have argued that this kind of thing should be viewed as a pragmatic problem.<br><br>Another controversy concerns whether pragmatics is a subfield of philosophy of language or a branch of the study of the study of linguistics. Some researchers have argued that pragmatics is a discipline in its distinct from the other disciplines and should be considered an independent part of linguistics alongside phonology, syntax semantics, etc. Others, however, have suggested that the study of pragmatics should be viewed as an aspect of philosophy of language since it deals with the ways that our concepts of the meaning and uses of language affect our theories of how languages work.<br><br>This debate has been fueled by a number of key questions that are essential to the study of pragmatics. For instance, some scholars have suggested that pragmatics isn't an academic discipline in and of itself since it examines the ways people interpret and use language without necessarily referring to any facts regarding what is actually being said. This kind of approach is referred to as far-side pragmatics. Others, however, have argued that the study should be considered a discipline in its own right since it examines the manner in which the meaning and use of language is influenced by social and cultural factors. This is referred to as near-side pragmatics.<br><br>Other areas of discussion in pragmatics include the manner we perceive the nature of utterance interpretation as an inferential process and the role that the primary pragmatic processes play in the determining of what is being said by an individual speaker in a sentence. Recanati and Bach discuss these issues in greater in depth. Both papers explore the notions a saturation and a free enrichment in the context of a pragmatic. These are crucial processes that help shape the meaning of utterances.<br><br>What is the difference between explanatory and free Pragmatics?<br><br>The study of pragmatics is how the context affects the meaning of linguistics. It evaluates how human language is used in social interactions, as well as the relationship between the interpreter and the speaker. Linguists who specialize in pragmatics are referred to as pragmaticians.<br><br>Over the years, many theories of pragmatism were developed. Some, such as Gricean pragmatics, concentrate on the communication intention of a speaker. Others, such as Relevance Theory, focus on the understanding processes that occur during the interpretation of utterances by listeners. Some pragmatics theories have been combined with other disciplines, including philosophy and cognitive science.<br><br>There are also different views on the borderline between semantics and pragmatics. Morris is one philosopher who believes that semantics and pragmatism are two different subjects. He says that semantics deal with the relationship of signs to objects they may or may not denote, whereas pragmatics is concerned with the usage of words in a context.<br><br>Other philosophers, like Bach and Harnish, have argued that pragmatics is a field that is part of semantics. They distinguish between "near-side" and "far-side" pragmatics. Near-side pragmatics concerns what is said, whereas far-side focuses on the logical implications of a statement. They claim that semantics already determines certain aspects of the meaning of an expression, whereas other pragmatics are determined by pragmatic processes.<br><br>The context is among the most important aspects of pragmatics. This means that the same word could have different meanings in different contexts, depending on things like ambiguity and indexicality. Discourse structure, beliefs of the speaker and intentions, and expectations of the listener can alter the meaning of a phrase.<br><br>Another aspect of pragmatics is that it is a matter of culture. This is because different cultures have their own rules regarding what is appropriate to say in different situations. In some cultures, it's considered polite to keep eye contact. In other cultures, it's considered rude.<br><br>There are various perspectives on pragmatics and lots of research is being conducted in this field. There are many different areas of research, including formal and computational pragmatics theoretic and experimental pragmatics, intercultural and cross linguistic pragmatics and pragmatics that are experimental and clinical.<br><br>How is free Pragmatics similar to Explanatory Pragmatics?<br><br>The pragmatics discipline is concerned with how meaning is conveyed by the language used in its context. It evaluates how the speaker's intentions and beliefs affect the interpretation, with less attention paid to grammatical features of the utterance rather than what is said. Pragmaticians are linguists who focus in pragmatics. The topic of pragmatics has a connection to other areas of study of linguistics such as syntax and semantics or philosophy of language.<br><br>In recent years the field of pragmatics has developed in various directions, including computational linguistics, pragmatics of conversation, and theoretic pragmatics. There is a broad range of research conducted in these areas, which address issues such as the significance of lexical elements as well as the interaction between discourse and language, and the nature of meaning itself.<br><br>In the philosophical debate on pragmatics, one of the major questions is whether it's possible to give a precise and systematic explanation of the relationship between pragmatics and semantics. Some philosophers have claimed that it is not (e.g. Morris 1938, Kaplan 1989). Other philosophers have argued that the distinction between pragmatics and [https://bookmarksfocus.com/story3768369/10-erroneous-answers-to-common-pragmatic-free-slot-buff-questions-do-you-know-the-correct-answers 프라그마틱 환수율] semantics is not well-defined and that they are the same thing.<br><br>The debate between these positions is often a back and forth affair scholars argue that particular events are a part of either semantics or pragmatics. For instance certain scholars argue that if an utterance has an actual truth-conditional meaning, then it is semantics, while other argue that the fact that an expression could be interpreted in different ways is pragmatics.<br><br>Other pragmatics researchers have adopted an alternative route. They argue that the truth-conditional interpretation of a statement is just one of the many possible interpretations, and that all of them are valid. This approach is often called "far-side pragmatics".<br><br>Recent work in pragmatics has tried to combine semantic and far side approaches. It tries to capture the full range of interpretive possibilities that a speaker's speech can offer by demonstrating how the speaker's beliefs as well as intentions affect the interpretation. For example, Champollion et al. The 2019 version combines an inverse Gricean model of Rational Speech Act framework, and technological advances developed by Franke and Bergen. The model predicts that listeners will consider a range of possible exhaustified interpretations of a utterance that contains the universal FCI any, and that this is what makes the exclusivity implicature so reliable when contrasted to other possible implicatures.

Latest revision as of 23:59, 14 January 2025

What is Pragmatics?

Pragmatics is the study of the connection between context, language and 프라그마틱 슬롯 무료체험 meaning. It asks questions like What do people really mean when they speak in terms?

It's a philosophy that focuses on the practical and sensible actions. It's in contrast to idealism, 프라그마틱 무료 슬롯버프 슈가러쉬 (go!!) which is the belief that you must abide to your beliefs.

What is Pragmatics?

Pragmatics is the study of ways in which language users find meaning from and each other. It is usually thought of as a part of language, although it differs from semantics in that pragmatics examines what the user wants to convey rather than what the actual meaning is.

As a research area it is comparatively new and research in the area has grown rapidly in the last few decades. It is a linguistics-related academic field however, it has also had an impact on research in other fields like sociolinguistics, psychology, and anthropology.

There are many different approaches to pragmatics that have contributed to the development and growth of this discipline. One is the Gricean pragmatics approach, which focuses on the notion of intention and their interaction with the speaker's understanding of the listener's understanding. The lexical and concept perspectives on pragmatics are likewise perspectives on the topic. These perspectives have contributed to the variety of topics that researchers in pragmatics have investigated.

The research in pragmatics has been focused on a broad range of topics that include L2 pragmatic comprehension and request production by EFL learners, and the role of theory of mind in mental and physical metaphors. It has been applied to social and cultural phenomena like political discourse, discriminatory speech and interpersonal communication. Researchers studying pragmatics have employed various methods from experimental to sociocultural.

The size of the knowledge base in pragmatics differs according to the database used, as shown in Figure 9A-C. The US and the UK are among the top producers of pragmatics research, but their positions differ based on the database. This is due to pragmatics being a multidisciplinary area that intersects other disciplines.

It is therefore hard to classify the top pragmatics authors according to the number of publications they have published. However, it is possible to identify the most influential authors by examining their contributions to pragmatics. For instance Bambini's contribution in pragmatics includes pioneering concepts such as conversational implicature and 무료슬롯 프라그마틱 politeness theory. Grice, Saul, and Kasper are also influential authors of pragmatics.

What is Free Pragmatics?

The study of pragmatics is more concerned with the contexts and users of language as opposed to the study of truth grammar, 프라그마틱 이미지 reference, or. It focuses on the ways in which an utterance can be understood as meaning different things in different contexts and also those caused by ambiguity or indexicality. It also focuses primarily on the strategies used by listeners to determine if utterances have a communicative intent. It is closely linked to the theory of conversational implicature, which was developed by Paul Grice.

The boundaries between these two disciplines are a subject of debate. While the distinction is widely recognized, it's not always clear how they should be drawn. For instance, some philosophers have argued that the notion of a sentence meaning is an aspect of semantics, while others have argued that this kind of thing should be viewed as a pragmatic problem.

Another controversy concerns whether pragmatics is a subfield of philosophy of language or a branch of the study of the study of linguistics. Some researchers have argued that pragmatics is a discipline in its distinct from the other disciplines and should be considered an independent part of linguistics alongside phonology, syntax semantics, etc. Others, however, have suggested that the study of pragmatics should be viewed as an aspect of philosophy of language since it deals with the ways that our concepts of the meaning and uses of language affect our theories of how languages work.

This debate has been fueled by a number of key questions that are essential to the study of pragmatics. For instance, some scholars have suggested that pragmatics isn't an academic discipline in and of itself since it examines the ways people interpret and use language without necessarily referring to any facts regarding what is actually being said. This kind of approach is referred to as far-side pragmatics. Others, however, have argued that the study should be considered a discipline in its own right since it examines the manner in which the meaning and use of language is influenced by social and cultural factors. This is referred to as near-side pragmatics.

Other areas of discussion in pragmatics include the manner we perceive the nature of utterance interpretation as an inferential process and the role that the primary pragmatic processes play in the determining of what is being said by an individual speaker in a sentence. Recanati and Bach discuss these issues in greater in depth. Both papers explore the notions a saturation and a free enrichment in the context of a pragmatic. These are crucial processes that help shape the meaning of utterances.

What is the difference between explanatory and free Pragmatics?

The study of pragmatics is how the context affects the meaning of linguistics. It evaluates how human language is used in social interactions, as well as the relationship between the interpreter and the speaker. Linguists who specialize in pragmatics are referred to as pragmaticians.

Over the years, many theories of pragmatism were developed. Some, such as Gricean pragmatics, concentrate on the communication intention of a speaker. Others, such as Relevance Theory, focus on the understanding processes that occur during the interpretation of utterances by listeners. Some pragmatics theories have been combined with other disciplines, including philosophy and cognitive science.

There are also different views on the borderline between semantics and pragmatics. Morris is one philosopher who believes that semantics and pragmatism are two different subjects. He says that semantics deal with the relationship of signs to objects they may or may not denote, whereas pragmatics is concerned with the usage of words in a context.

Other philosophers, like Bach and Harnish, have argued that pragmatics is a field that is part of semantics. They distinguish between "near-side" and "far-side" pragmatics. Near-side pragmatics concerns what is said, whereas far-side focuses on the logical implications of a statement. They claim that semantics already determines certain aspects of the meaning of an expression, whereas other pragmatics are determined by pragmatic processes.

The context is among the most important aspects of pragmatics. This means that the same word could have different meanings in different contexts, depending on things like ambiguity and indexicality. Discourse structure, beliefs of the speaker and intentions, and expectations of the listener can alter the meaning of a phrase.

Another aspect of pragmatics is that it is a matter of culture. This is because different cultures have their own rules regarding what is appropriate to say in different situations. In some cultures, it's considered polite to keep eye contact. In other cultures, it's considered rude.

There are various perspectives on pragmatics and lots of research is being conducted in this field. There are many different areas of research, including formal and computational pragmatics theoretic and experimental pragmatics, intercultural and cross linguistic pragmatics and pragmatics that are experimental and clinical.

How is free Pragmatics similar to Explanatory Pragmatics?

The pragmatics discipline is concerned with how meaning is conveyed by the language used in its context. It evaluates how the speaker's intentions and beliefs affect the interpretation, with less attention paid to grammatical features of the utterance rather than what is said. Pragmaticians are linguists who focus in pragmatics. The topic of pragmatics has a connection to other areas of study of linguistics such as syntax and semantics or philosophy of language.

In recent years the field of pragmatics has developed in various directions, including computational linguistics, pragmatics of conversation, and theoretic pragmatics. There is a broad range of research conducted in these areas, which address issues such as the significance of lexical elements as well as the interaction between discourse and language, and the nature of meaning itself.

In the philosophical debate on pragmatics, one of the major questions is whether it's possible to give a precise and systematic explanation of the relationship between pragmatics and semantics. Some philosophers have claimed that it is not (e.g. Morris 1938, Kaplan 1989). Other philosophers have argued that the distinction between pragmatics and 프라그마틱 환수율 semantics is not well-defined and that they are the same thing.

The debate between these positions is often a back and forth affair scholars argue that particular events are a part of either semantics or pragmatics. For instance certain scholars argue that if an utterance has an actual truth-conditional meaning, then it is semantics, while other argue that the fact that an expression could be interpreted in different ways is pragmatics.

Other pragmatics researchers have adopted an alternative route. They argue that the truth-conditional interpretation of a statement is just one of the many possible interpretations, and that all of them are valid. This approach is often called "far-side pragmatics".

Recent work in pragmatics has tried to combine semantic and far side approaches. It tries to capture the full range of interpretive possibilities that a speaker's speech can offer by demonstrating how the speaker's beliefs as well as intentions affect the interpretation. For example, Champollion et al. The 2019 version combines an inverse Gricean model of Rational Speech Act framework, and technological advances developed by Franke and Bergen. The model predicts that listeners will consider a range of possible exhaustified interpretations of a utterance that contains the universal FCI any, and that this is what makes the exclusivity implicature so reliable when contrasted to other possible implicatures.