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What is Pragmatics?<br><br>Pragmatics studies the connection between language and context. It addresses questions such as: What do people really mean when they use words?<br><br>It's a philosophy that is based on practical and reasonable actions. It is in contrast to idealism, which is the belief that you must abide to your beliefs.<br><br>What is Pragmatics?<br><br>The study of pragmatics examines the way that language users interact and [https://www.google.com.pk/url?q=https://postheaven.net/liptest0/14-smart-ways-to-spend-your-extra-money-pragmatic-free-budget 프라그마틱 무료체험] communicate with one other. It is often viewed as a component of language, however it differs from semantics since it focuses on what the user wants to convey, not what the actual meaning is.<br><br>As a research area it is still young and its research has grown rapidly in the last few decades. It is a language academic field but it has also affected research in other areas such as psychology, sociolinguistics and the field of anthropology.<br><br>There are a variety of methods of pragmatics that have contributed to the development and growth of this discipline. One of these is the Gricean pragmatics approach, which focuses on the notion of intention and their interaction with the speaker's knowledge about the listener's comprehension. Other perspectives on pragmatics include conceptual and lexical approaches to pragmatics. These perspectives have contributed to the wide range of topics that researchers in pragmatics have investigated.<br><br>The study of pragmatics has covered a vast range of subjects, including pragmatic understanding in L2 and request production by EFL students, as well as the importance of the theory of mind in mental and physical metaphors. It is also applied to social and cultural phenomena, such as political discourse, discriminatory language, and interpersonal communication. Pragmatics researchers have also employed diverse methodologies from experimental to sociocultural.<br><br>Figure 9A-C shows that the size of the knowledge base on pragmatics is different depending on which database is utilized. The US and UK are two of the top producers in pragmatics research. However, their rank is dependent on the database. This is because pragmatics is a multidisciplinary area that intersects other disciplines.<br><br>It is therefore difficult to rank the best pragmatics authors solely by the quantity of their publications. However it is possible to identify the most influential authors by looking at their contributions to pragmatics. For instance Bambini's contribution to the field of pragmatics has led to concepts like conversational implicature and politeness theory. Other authors who have been influential in pragmatics include Grice, Saul and Kasper.<br><br>What is Free Pragmatics?<br><br>The study of pragmatics is more concerned with the contexts and the users of language as opposed to the study of truth or reference, or grammar. It focuses on how one utterance may be understood differently in different contexts. This includes ambiguity and indexicality. It also focuses on the strategies employed by listeners to determine which phrases have a message. It is closely connected to the theory of conversational implicature, pioneered by Paul Grice.<br><br>While the distinction between semantics and pragmatics is a well-known and long-established one however, there is much debate regarding the exact boundaries of these disciplines. Some philosophers claim that the concept of sentence meaning is a part of semantics, whereas other insist that this particular issue should be viewed as pragmatic.<br><br>Another debate is whether pragmatics is a part of philosophy of languages or a subset of the study of the study of linguistics. Some researchers have suggested that pragmatics is a discipline in its own right and that it should be treated as a distinct part of the field of linguistics, alongside syntax, phonology, semantics and more. Others, however, have suggested that the study of pragmatics should be considered an aspect of philosophy of language since it deals with the ways that our ideas about the meanings and functions of language affect our theories of how languages work.<br><br>This debate has been fueled by a handful of issues that are fundamental to the study of pragmatism. For instance, some scholars have suggested that pragmatics isn't a subject in and of itself since it examines the ways people interpret and use language, without using any data about what actually gets said. This sort of approach is referred to as far-side pragmatics. Others, however, have argued that this study should be considered a discipline in its own right since it examines the way the meaning and use of language is influenced by social and cultural factors. This is known as near-side pragmatism.<br><br>Other topics of discussion in pragmatics include the way in which we understand the nature of the utterance interpretation process as an inferential process, and the importance that primary pragmatic processes play in the determination of what is said by a speaker in a given sentence. These are issues that are discussed a bit more extensively in the papers by Recanati and Bach. Both papers deal with the notions of saturation and free pragmatic enrichment. Both are important pragmatic processes in that they aid in shaping the overall meaning of an expression.<br><br>What is the difference between Free Pragmatics and from Explanatory Pragmatics?<br><br>The study of pragmatics examines how the context affects the meaning of linguistics. It evaluates how human language is utilized in social interactions, and the relationship between the speaker and  [https://www.google.co.mz/url?q=https://espensen-hayes-2.hubstack.net/16-must-follow-facebook-pages-for-pragmatic-product-authentication-marketers 프라그마틱 슬롯체험] 정품확인, [https://jefferson-goodwin-2.blogbright.net/20-things-that-only-the-most-devoted-pragmatic-recommendations-fans-are-aware-of/ go here], the interpreter. Pragmaticians are linguists who focus in pragmatics.<br><br>Different theories of pragmatics have been developed over the years. Some, such as Gricean pragmatics, focus on the communicative intention of a speaker. Relevance Theory for instance, focuses on the processes of understanding that occur when listeners interpret the meaning of utterances. Some approaches to pragmatics have been merged with other disciplines, including cognitive science and philosophy.<br><br>There are also different views on the borderline between semantics and pragmatics. Morris is one philosopher who believes that pragmatics and semantics are two different topics. He states that semantics is concerned with the relationship of signs to objects which they may or not denote, whereas pragmatics is concerned with the usage of the words in context.<br><br>Other philosophers like Bach and Harnish have suggested that pragmatism is an subfield within semantics. They distinguish between "near-side" and "far-side" pragmatics. Near-side pragmatics is concerned with what is said while far-side is focused on the logical implications of a statement. They argue that some of the 'pragmatics' of an expression are already influenced by semantics, while the rest is determined by the pragmatic processes of inference.<br><br>The context is one of the most important aspects of pragmatics. This means that the same word could have different meanings in different contexts,  [https://pediascape.science/wiki/Why_Pragmatic_Free_Slots_Should_Be_Your_Next_Big_Obsession 프라그마틱 정품 확인법] depending on things like indexicality and ambiguity. Other elements that can alter the meaning of an utterance include the structure of the discourse, speaker intentions and beliefs, and the expectations of the listener.<br><br>A second aspect of pragmatics is its cultural specificity. This is due to different cultures having their own rules regarding what is appropriate to say in different situations. For example, it is acceptable in certain cultures to make eye contact while it is rude in other cultures.<br><br>There are many different views of pragmatics, and lots of research is being conducted in the field. There are a variety of areas of study, including computational and formal pragmatics theoretic and experimental pragmatics, intercultural and cross pragmatics of language, as well as pragmatics that are experimental and clinical.<br><br>What is the relationship between Free Pragmatics and to Explanatory Pragmatics?<br><br>The discipline of pragmatics in linguistics is concerned with how meaning is conveyed through the use of language in context. It is less concerned with the grammatical structure that is used in the speech and more on what the speaker is actually saying. Linguists who specialize in pragmatics are known as pragmaticians. The subject of pragmatics is connected to other linguistics areas, such as syntax, semantics, and the philosophy of language.<br><br>In recent years the area of pragmatics has been developing in various directions such as computational linguistics conversational pragmatics, and theoretical pragmatics. These areas are characterized by a wide variety of research that addresses aspects like lexical features and the interaction between language, discourse, and meaning.<br><br>In the philosophical debate about pragmatics one of the most important issues is whether it is possible to give a precise and systematic analysis of the relationship between semantics and pragmatics. Some philosophers have suggested that it's not (e.g. Morris 1938, [https://postheaven.net/nephewcannon82/10-healthy-habits-to-use-pragmatic-slots-site 프라그마틱 정품] 슬롯 조작 ([https://bookmarkingworld.review/story.php?title=the-evolution-of-pragmatic-free Bookmarkingworld.Review]) Kaplan 1989). Other philosophers have argued that the distinction between semantics and pragmatics is not clear and that semantics and pragmatics are actually the identical.<br><br>The debate between these two positions is often an ongoing debate and scholars arguing that particular events fall under the umbrella of either semantics or pragmatics. Some scholars believe that if a statement has a literal truth conditional meaning, it is semantics. Others contend that the fact that a statement can be read differently is a sign of pragmatics.<br><br>Other researchers in pragmatics have taken a different stance, arguing that the truth-conditional meaning of an utterance is just one of the many ways in which the word can be interpreted, and that all of these interpretations are valid. This is commonly known as far-side pragmatics.<br><br>Recent work in pragmatics has attempted to combine semantic and far-side approaches trying to understand the full range of possibilities of an utterance's interpretation by describing how a speaker's beliefs and intentions affect the interpretation. For example, Champollion et al. (2019) combine the Gricean game theory model of the Rational Speech Act framework with technical innovations from Franke and Bergen (2020). This model predicts that listeners will be able to consider a variety of possible exhaustified versions of an utterance containing the universal FCI any which is what makes the exclusivity implicature so reliable when contrasted to other possible implicatures.
What is Pragmatics?<br><br>Pragmatics is the study of the relationship between language, context and meaning. It deals with questions like What do people mean by the words they use?<br><br>It's a philosophy of practical and reasonable action. It contrasts with idealism which is the idea that one should stick to their beliefs regardless of the circumstances.<br><br>What is Pragmatics?<br><br>Pragmatics is the study of the ways that people who speak get meaning from and with each other. It is often seen as a component of language, but it is different from semantics since it is focused on what the user is trying to convey and not what the meaning is.<br><br>As a field of research, pragmatics is relatively young and its research has expanded rapidly over the last few decades. It is a linguistics-related academic field however, it has also had an impact on research in other fields like sociolinguistics, psychology, and anthropology.<br><br>There are a variety of approaches to pragmatics that have contributed to the growth and development of this field. One is the Gricean pragmatics approach, which is based primarily on the notion of intention and the interaction with the speaker's understanding of the listener's comprehension. Conceptual and lexical perspectives on pragmatics are also views on the topic. These views have contributed to the variety of subjects that pragmatics researchers have investigated.<br><br>The study of pragmatics has covered a wide range of subjects, including pragmatic comprehension in L2 and demand production by EFL students, and the importance of the theory of mind in physical and mental metaphors. It is also applied to cultural and social phenomena, including political discourse, discriminatory language, and interpersonal communication. Pragmatics researchers have also employed a variety of methodologies that range from experimental to sociocultural.<br><br>The amount of knowledge base in pragmatics is different by database, as shown in Figure 9A-C. The US and the UK are among the top researchers in pragmatics research, however their positions differ based on the database. This is due to the fact that pragmatics is an interconnected field that is inextricably linked with other disciplines.<br><br>It is therefore hard to classify the best pragmatics authors solely by the quantity of their publications. However it is possible to identify the most influential authors by examining their contributions to pragmatics. For example, Bambini's contribution to pragmatics has led to concepts like conversational implicature and politeness theory. Grice, Saul, and Kasper are also highly influential authors of pragmatics.<br><br>What is Free Pragmatics?<br><br>The study of pragmatics concentrates on the users and contexts of language usage instead of focusing on reference to truth, grammar, or. It focuses on the ways in which an utterance can be understood as meaning different things from different contexts as well as those triggered by indexicality or ambiguity. It also focuses primarily on the strategies used by listeners to determine whether phrases have a message. It is closely linked to the theory of conversational implicature developed by Paul Grice.<br><br>While the distinction between semantics and pragmatics is a well-known and [https://wifidb.science/wiki/What_Pragmatic_Free_Trial_Meta_Experts_Want_You_To_Know 프라그마틱 불법] established one, there is much debate regarding the exact boundaries of these disciplines. Some philosophers claim that the notion of meaning of sentences is a part of semantics, whereas others insist that this particular problem should be treated as pragmatic.<br><br>Another debate is whether pragmatics is a subfield of philosophy of languages or a part of the study of the study of linguistics. Some researchers have suggested that pragmatics is an independent discipline and should be considered a part of linguistics, along with the study of phonology. syntax, semantics, etc. Others, however have argued the study of pragmatics is a component of philosophy since it deals with how our ideas about the meaning and use of languages influence our theories on how languages work.<br><br>The debate has been fuelled by a handful of issues that are central to the study of pragmatics. Some scholars have argued for instance, that pragmatics isn't a discipline in its own right because it examines how people interpret and use the language without necessarily referring to the actual facts about what was said. This kind of approach is referred to as far-side pragmatics. Others, however, have argued that the subject is a discipline in its own right since it examines the ways the meaning and usage of language is dependent on cultural and  [https://bookmarkstore.download/story.php?title=five-laws-that-will-aid-industry-leaders-in-pragmatic-game-industry 프라그마틱 무료체험] social factors. This is referred to as near-side pragmatics.<br><br>Other topics of discussion in pragmatics are the ways we perceive the nature of utterance interpretation as an inferential process and the role that primary pragmatic processes play in the analysis of what is being spoken by the speaker in a particular sentence. These are topics that are more thoroughly discussed in the papers by Recanati and Bach. Both of these papers discuss the notions of saturation as well as free pragmatic enrichment. These are significant pragmatic processes in that they aid in shaping the overall meaning of a statement.<br><br>What is the difference between Free Pragmatics and from Explanatory Pragmatics?<br><br>The study of pragmatics is the way in which context influences the meaning of language. It focuses on how humans use language in social interaction and the relationship between speaker and interpreter. Pragmaticians are linguists who specialize in pragmatics.<br><br>Over the years, many different theories of pragmatism were developed. Some, like Gricean pragmatics, focus on the communicative intent of a speaker. Others, such as Relevance Theory concentrate on the processes of understanding that occur during the interpretation of utterances by listeners. Some pragmatics theories have been merged with other disciplines, like cognitive science and philosophy.<br><br>There are different opinions on the borderline between pragmatics and semantics. Some philosophers, such as Morris, believe that pragmatics and semantics are two separate topics. He argues semantics concerns the relationship of signs to objects they could or might not refer to, whereas pragmatics is concerned with the use of words in context.<br><br>Other philosophers, such as Bach and Harnish have argued that pragmatism is a subfield of semantics. They differentiate between "near-side" and "far-side" pragmatics. Near-side pragmatics is concerned with the content of what is said, while far-side is focused on the logical implications of a statement. They believe that semantics determines some of the pragmatics of an expression, whereas other pragmatics is determined by pragmatic processes.<br><br>The context is among the most important aspects of pragmatics. This means that a single word could have different meanings based on factors such as indexicality or ambiguity. Other factors that could alter the meaning of an utterance are the structure of the speech, the speaker's intentions and beliefs, as well as the expectations of the listener.<br><br>Another aspect of pragmatics is its particularity to the culture. This is because each culture has its own rules regarding what is appropriate in different situations. In certain cultures, it's polite to look at each other. In other cultures, [https://www.google.pn/url?q=https://fkwiki.win/wiki/Post:8_Tips_To_Enhance_Your_Pragmatic_Game 프라그마틱 슈가러쉬] [http://www.1v34.com/space-uid-529097.html 프라그마틱 슬롯 추천] 사이트 ([https://www.xn--72c9aa5escud2b.com/webboard/index.php?action=profile;area=forumprofile;u=2342230 Read the Full Piece of writing]) it's considered rude.<br><br>There are numerous perspectives on pragmatics, and a lot of research is being conducted in this area. Some of the main areas of research include: formal and computational pragmatics theoretic and experimental pragmatics; cross-linguistic and intercultural pragmatics; and pragmatics that are experimental and clinical.<br><br>How is free Pragmatics similar to Explanatory Pragmatics?<br><br>The pragmatics discipline is concerned with the way meaning is communicated through the language used in its context. It evaluates the way in which the speaker's intentions and beliefs influence interpretation, and focuses less on grammatical features of the utterance rather than what is said. Pragmaticians are linguists who specialize in pragmatics. The subject of pragmatics is connected to other areas of linguistics like syntax, semantics, and the philosophy of language.<br><br>In recent years, the field of pragmatics has grown in several different directions, including computational linguistics, pragmatics of conversation, and theoretic pragmatics. These areas are characterized by a wide variety of research, which addresses topics such as lexical features and the interplay between language, discourse, and meaning.<br><br>One of the major questions in the philosophical discussion of pragmatics is whether it is possible to develop a rigorous, systematic account of the semantics/pragmatics interface. Some philosophers have suggested that it is not (e.g. Morris 1938, Kaplan 1989). Other philosophers have claimed that the distinction between semantics and pragmatics is unclear and that semantics and pragmatics are really the same thing.<br><br>It is not unusual for scholars to debate back and forth between these two positions and argue that certain events fall under either semantics or pragmatics. For instance some scholars believe that if a statement has an actual truth-conditional meaning, then it is semantics, whereas other argue that the fact that an expression could be interpreted in different ways is a sign of pragmatics.<br><br>Other researchers in pragmatics have taken an alternative route. They argue that the truth-conditional interpretation of a statement is just one of the many possible interpretations and that all of them are valid. This approach is often called "far-side pragmatics".<br><br>Some recent research in pragmatics has tried to integrate the concepts of semantics and far-side trying to understand the full scope of the interpretive possibilities for an utterance by modeling how a speaker's beliefs and intentions contribute to the interpretation. For [http://80.82.64.206/user/dashwillow4 프라그마틱 슬롯 조작] example, Champollion et al. The 2019 version combines an Gricean model of the Rational Speech Act framework, with technical innovations developed by Franke and Bergen. This model predicts that the listeners will entertain a variety of possible exhaustified versions of a utterance that contains the universal FCI any, and that this is what makes the exclusiveness implicature so robust as in comparison to other possible implicatures.

Latest revision as of 23:31, 26 January 2025

What is Pragmatics?

Pragmatics is the study of the relationship between language, context and meaning. It deals with questions like What do people mean by the words they use?

It's a philosophy of practical and reasonable action. It contrasts with idealism which is the idea that one should stick to their beliefs regardless of the circumstances.

What is Pragmatics?

Pragmatics is the study of the ways that people who speak get meaning from and with each other. It is often seen as a component of language, but it is different from semantics since it is focused on what the user is trying to convey and not what the meaning is.

As a field of research, pragmatics is relatively young and its research has expanded rapidly over the last few decades. It is a linguistics-related academic field however, it has also had an impact on research in other fields like sociolinguistics, psychology, and anthropology.

There are a variety of approaches to pragmatics that have contributed to the growth and development of this field. One is the Gricean pragmatics approach, which is based primarily on the notion of intention and the interaction with the speaker's understanding of the listener's comprehension. Conceptual and lexical perspectives on pragmatics are also views on the topic. These views have contributed to the variety of subjects that pragmatics researchers have investigated.

The study of pragmatics has covered a wide range of subjects, including pragmatic comprehension in L2 and demand production by EFL students, and the importance of the theory of mind in physical and mental metaphors. It is also applied to cultural and social phenomena, including political discourse, discriminatory language, and interpersonal communication. Pragmatics researchers have also employed a variety of methodologies that range from experimental to sociocultural.

The amount of knowledge base in pragmatics is different by database, as shown in Figure 9A-C. The US and the UK are among the top researchers in pragmatics research, however their positions differ based on the database. This is due to the fact that pragmatics is an interconnected field that is inextricably linked with other disciplines.

It is therefore hard to classify the best pragmatics authors solely by the quantity of their publications. However it is possible to identify the most influential authors by examining their contributions to pragmatics. For example, Bambini's contribution to pragmatics has led to concepts like conversational implicature and politeness theory. Grice, Saul, and Kasper are also highly influential authors of pragmatics.

What is Free Pragmatics?

The study of pragmatics concentrates on the users and contexts of language usage instead of focusing on reference to truth, grammar, or. It focuses on the ways in which an utterance can be understood as meaning different things from different contexts as well as those triggered by indexicality or ambiguity. It also focuses primarily on the strategies used by listeners to determine whether phrases have a message. It is closely linked to the theory of conversational implicature developed by Paul Grice.

While the distinction between semantics and pragmatics is a well-known and 프라그마틱 불법 established one, there is much debate regarding the exact boundaries of these disciplines. Some philosophers claim that the notion of meaning of sentences is a part of semantics, whereas others insist that this particular problem should be treated as pragmatic.

Another debate is whether pragmatics is a subfield of philosophy of languages or a part of the study of the study of linguistics. Some researchers have suggested that pragmatics is an independent discipline and should be considered a part of linguistics, along with the study of phonology. syntax, semantics, etc. Others, however have argued the study of pragmatics is a component of philosophy since it deals with how our ideas about the meaning and use of languages influence our theories on how languages work.

The debate has been fuelled by a handful of issues that are central to the study of pragmatics. Some scholars have argued for instance, that pragmatics isn't a discipline in its own right because it examines how people interpret and use the language without necessarily referring to the actual facts about what was said. This kind of approach is referred to as far-side pragmatics. Others, however, have argued that the subject is a discipline in its own right since it examines the ways the meaning and usage of language is dependent on cultural and 프라그마틱 무료체험 social factors. This is referred to as near-side pragmatics.

Other topics of discussion in pragmatics are the ways we perceive the nature of utterance interpretation as an inferential process and the role that primary pragmatic processes play in the analysis of what is being spoken by the speaker in a particular sentence. These are topics that are more thoroughly discussed in the papers by Recanati and Bach. Both of these papers discuss the notions of saturation as well as free pragmatic enrichment. These are significant pragmatic processes in that they aid in shaping the overall meaning of a statement.

What is the difference between Free Pragmatics and from Explanatory Pragmatics?

The study of pragmatics is the way in which context influences the meaning of language. It focuses on how humans use language in social interaction and the relationship between speaker and interpreter. Pragmaticians are linguists who specialize in pragmatics.

Over the years, many different theories of pragmatism were developed. Some, like Gricean pragmatics, focus on the communicative intent of a speaker. Others, such as Relevance Theory concentrate on the processes of understanding that occur during the interpretation of utterances by listeners. Some pragmatics theories have been merged with other disciplines, like cognitive science and philosophy.

There are different opinions on the borderline between pragmatics and semantics. Some philosophers, such as Morris, believe that pragmatics and semantics are two separate topics. He argues semantics concerns the relationship of signs to objects they could or might not refer to, whereas pragmatics is concerned with the use of words in context.

Other philosophers, such as Bach and Harnish have argued that pragmatism is a subfield of semantics. They differentiate between "near-side" and "far-side" pragmatics. Near-side pragmatics is concerned with the content of what is said, while far-side is focused on the logical implications of a statement. They believe that semantics determines some of the pragmatics of an expression, whereas other pragmatics is determined by pragmatic processes.

The context is among the most important aspects of pragmatics. This means that a single word could have different meanings based on factors such as indexicality or ambiguity. Other factors that could alter the meaning of an utterance are the structure of the speech, the speaker's intentions and beliefs, as well as the expectations of the listener.

Another aspect of pragmatics is its particularity to the culture. This is because each culture has its own rules regarding what is appropriate in different situations. In certain cultures, it's polite to look at each other. In other cultures, 프라그마틱 슈가러쉬 프라그마틱 슬롯 추천 사이트 (Read the Full Piece of writing) it's considered rude.

There are numerous perspectives on pragmatics, and a lot of research is being conducted in this area. Some of the main areas of research include: formal and computational pragmatics theoretic and experimental pragmatics; cross-linguistic and intercultural pragmatics; and pragmatics that are experimental and clinical.

How is free Pragmatics similar to Explanatory Pragmatics?

The pragmatics discipline is concerned with the way meaning is communicated through the language used in its context. It evaluates the way in which the speaker's intentions and beliefs influence interpretation, and focuses less on grammatical features of the utterance rather than what is said. Pragmaticians are linguists who specialize in pragmatics. The subject of pragmatics is connected to other areas of linguistics like syntax, semantics, and the philosophy of language.

In recent years, the field of pragmatics has grown in several different directions, including computational linguistics, pragmatics of conversation, and theoretic pragmatics. These areas are characterized by a wide variety of research, which addresses topics such as lexical features and the interplay between language, discourse, and meaning.

One of the major questions in the philosophical discussion of pragmatics is whether it is possible to develop a rigorous, systematic account of the semantics/pragmatics interface. Some philosophers have suggested that it is not (e.g. Morris 1938, Kaplan 1989). Other philosophers have claimed that the distinction between semantics and pragmatics is unclear and that semantics and pragmatics are really the same thing.

It is not unusual for scholars to debate back and forth between these two positions and argue that certain events fall under either semantics or pragmatics. For instance some scholars believe that if a statement has an actual truth-conditional meaning, then it is semantics, whereas other argue that the fact that an expression could be interpreted in different ways is a sign of pragmatics.

Other researchers in pragmatics have taken an alternative route. They argue that the truth-conditional interpretation of a statement is just one of the many possible interpretations and that all of them are valid. This approach is often called "far-side pragmatics".

Some recent research in pragmatics has tried to integrate the concepts of semantics and far-side trying to understand the full scope of the interpretive possibilities for an utterance by modeling how a speaker's beliefs and intentions contribute to the interpretation. For 프라그마틱 슬롯 조작 example, Champollion et al. The 2019 version combines an Gricean model of the Rational Speech Act framework, with technical innovations developed by Franke and Bergen. This model predicts that the listeners will entertain a variety of possible exhaustified versions of a utterance that contains the universal FCI any, and that this is what makes the exclusiveness implicature so robust as in comparison to other possible implicatures.