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What is Pragmatics?<br><br>Pragmatics is a study of the connection between language and context. It poses questions such as: What do people really mean when they use words?<br><br>It's a philosophy that is based on practical and reasonable actions. It's in contrast to idealism, the notion that you must abide to your beliefs.<br><br>What is Pragmatics?<br><br>The study of pragmatics examines how language users communicate and interact with each and with each other. It is often seen as a part or language, but it is different from semantics since it focuses on what the user is trying to communicate, not on what the actual meaning is.<br><br>As a field of research it is still young and its research has expanded rapidly in the last few decades. It has been mostly an academic field of study within linguistics, however it also has an impact on research in other fields such as speech-language pathology, psychology sociolinguistics, and the study of anthropology.<br><br>There are a variety of approaches to pragmatics that have contributed to the development and growth of this discipline. One perspective is the Gricean pragmatics approach, which is based primarily on the notion of intention and its interaction with the speaker's understanding of the listener's comprehension. Other perspectives on pragmatics include conceptual and lexical aspects of pragmatics. These views have contributed to the diversity of subjects that pragmatics researchers have studied.<br><br>Research in pragmatics has been focused on a variety of subjects such as L2 pragmatic understanding, request production by EFL learners and the role of theory of mind in physical and mental metaphors. It is also applied to cultural and social phenomena, including political discourse, discriminatory language, and interpersonal communication. Pragmatics researchers also have employed a variety of methodologies, from experimental to sociocultural.<br><br>Figure 9A-C shows that the size of the knowledge base on pragmatics is different depending on which database is utilized. The US and the UK are among the top contributors to pragmatics research, but their rankings differ by database. This is due to pragmatics being a multidisciplinary area that intersects other disciplines.<br><br>It is therefore difficult to determine the top pragmatics authors by the number of their publications. However, it is possible to identify the most influential authors by examining their contributions to the field of pragmatics. Bambini, for example, has contributed to pragmatics with concepts like conversational implicititure and politeness theories. Other authors who have been influential in the field of pragmatics are Grice, Saul and Kasper.<br><br>What is Free Pragmatics?<br><br>The study of pragmatics is more concerned with the contexts and the users of language rather than with truth or reference, or grammar. It examines the ways that an phrase can be interpreted as meaning different things from different contexts as well as those triggered by indexicality or ambiguity. It also focuses on strategies that listeners employ to determine whether utterances are intended to be communicative. It is closely related to the theory of conversational implicature, which was developed by Paul Grice.<br><br>The boundaries between these two disciplines are a matter of debate. While the distinction between these two disciplines is well-known, it is not always clear where the lines should be drawn. For instance philosophers have suggested that the concept of sentence's meaning is a part of semantics while others have claimed that this sort of thing should be viewed as a pragmatic issue.<br><br>Another controversy concerns whether pragmatics is a subfield of philosophy of languages or a branch of the study of the study of linguistics. Some researchers have argued pragmatics is an independent discipline and should be treated as part of linguistics, along with phonology. syntax, semantics etc. Others have suggested the study of pragmatics is an aspect of philosophy because it deals with the way in which our beliefs about the meaning of language and how it is used influence our theories about how languages work.<br><br>The debate has been fuelled by a number of key issues that are central to the study of pragmatism. Some scholars have argued for instance, that pragmatics isn't an academic discipline in and of itself since it studies how people perceive and use the language, [https://campos-berry-3.hubstack.net/whats-the-point-of-nobody-caring-about-pragmatic-slots-experience/ 프라그마틱 이미지] without necessarily referring to facts about what actually was said. This sort of approach is called far-side pragmatics. Some scholars, however have argued that this research ought to be considered a discipline of its own because it studies how social and cultural influences affect the meaning and usage of language. This is referred to as near-side pragmatics.<br><br>Other areas of discussion in pragmatics are the ways we think about the nature of the utterance interpretation process as an inferential process and the role that primary pragmatic processes play in the determination of what is being said by a speaker in a given sentence. These are issues that are more thoroughly discussed in the papers of Recanati and Bach. Both of these papers discuss the notions of saturation as well as free pragmatic enrichment, which are crucial pragmatic processes in the sense that they aid in shaping the meaning of an utterance.<br><br>What is the difference between Free Pragmatics and from Explanatory Pragmatics?<br><br>The study of pragmatics focuses on how context affects linguistic meaning. It examines how language is used in social interaction, and the relationship between the speaker and the interpreter. Pragmaticians are linguists that focus on pragmatics.<br><br>Many different theories of pragmatics have been developed over the years. Some, such as Gricean pragmatics, focus on the intention of communication of a speaker. Relevance Theory for instance, focuses on the processes of understanding that take place when listeners interpret the meaning of utterances. Some pragmatic approaches have been incorporated with other disciplines like cognitive science or philosophy.<br><br>There are also differing views on the borderline of pragmatics and semantics. Morris is one philosopher who believes that pragmatics and semantics are two different topics. He argues that semantics is concerned with the relationship between signs and objects they could or might not represent, while pragmatics is concerned with the use of words in the context.<br><br>Other philosophers, including Bach and Harnish, have argued that pragmatics is a subfield within semantics. They distinguish between "near-side" and "far-side" pragmatics. Near-side pragmatics concentrates on what is said, while far-side pragmatics focuses on the logical implications of saying something. They argue that a portion of the 'pragmatics' that accompany an expression are already determined by semantics, while the rest is determined by pragmatic processes of inference.<br><br>One of the most important aspects of pragmatics is that it is a context-dependent phenomenon. This means that a single utterance could have different meanings based on factors such as ambiguity or indexicality. Discourse structure, beliefs of the speaker and intentions, as well as expectations of the listener can alter the meaning of a phrase.<br><br>Another aspect of pragmatics is its particularity to the culture. This is because different cultures have their own rules regarding what is appropriate to say in different situations. For example, it is acceptable in certain cultures to make eye contact however it is not acceptable in other cultures.<br><br>There are many different views of pragmatics, and a great deal of research is being done in the field. The main areas of study are computational and formal pragmatics theoretic and experimental pragmatics; cross-linguistic and intercultural pragmatics; and pragmatics that are experimental and  [https://images.google.com.sv/url?q=https://lehmann-hertz.federatedjournals.com/what-the-10-most-stupid-pragmatic-sugar-rush-failures-of-all-time-could-have-been-prevented 프라그마틱 카지노] [https://tagoverflow.stream/story.php?title=what-is-the-heck-is-pragmatic-free-slots 프라그마틱 슬롯 팁] 하는법 ([https://wikimapia.org/external_link?url=http://nutris.net/members/eggnogbottom1/activity/1819275/ Https://Wikimapia.Org]) clinical.<br><br>What is the relationship between Free Pragmatics and to Explanatory Pragmatics?<br><br>The discipline of pragmatics is concerned with the way meaning is conveyed by the language in a context. It evaluates the way in which the speaker's intentions and beliefs influence interpretation, and focuses less on grammatical features of the utterance than on what is said. Pragmaticians are linguists who focus in pragmatics. The subject of pragmatics is closely related to other linguistics areas, such as syntax, semantics,  [https://itkvariat.com/user/letterhandle84/ 프라그마틱 슬롯 추천] and the philosophy of language.<br><br>In recent times the field of pragmatics has evolved in a variety of directions. These include computational linguistics as well as conversational pragmatics. There is a wide range of research that is conducted in these areas, addressing topics such as the significance of lexical features as well as the interaction between language and discourse and the nature of the concept of meaning.<br><br>One of the most important questions in the philosophical discussion of pragmatics is whether it is possible to provide an accurate, systematic understanding of the semantics/pragmatics interface. Some philosophers have claimed that it's not (e.g. Morris 1938, Kaplan 1989). Other philosophers have argued that the distinction between pragmatics and semantics is not well-defined and that they are the same thing.<br><br>The debate between these positions is often a back and forth affair scholars argue that certain phenomena fall under the umbrella of semantics or pragmatics. For example, some scholars argue that if an expression has an actual truth-conditional meaning, then it is semantics. On the other hand, other argue that the fact that an expression may be interpreted in various ways is pragmatics.<br><br>Other pragmatics researchers have taken an alternative approach. They argue that the truth-conditional interpretation of a sentence is just one of many possible interpretations, and that all interpretations are valid. This is often described as "far-side pragmatics".<br><br>Recent work in pragmatics has sought to integrate semantic and far-side approaches, attempting to capture the entire range of possibilities of an utterance's interpretation by describing how a speaker's intentions and beliefs influence the interpretation. For example, Champollion et al. (2019) combine the Gricean game theory model of the Rational Speech Act framework with technological innovations from Franke and Bergen (2020). This model predicts that the listeners will entertain a variety of possible exhaustified versions of a speech that contains the universal FCI any and this is what makes the exclusiveness implicature so robust as in comparison to other possible implicatures.
What is Pragmatics?<br><br>Pragmatics is the study of the relationship between language, context and meaning. It addresses questions such as What do people actually think when they use words?<br><br>It's a philosophy that is based on practical and sensible action. It's in contrast to idealism, the notion that you must always abide by your principles.<br><br>What is Pragmatics?<br><br>The study of pragmatics is the way that language users interact and communicate with each other. It is usually thought of as a component of language, although it differs from semantics because pragmatics looks at what the user intends to convey, not what the meaning actually is.<br><br>As a research area it is comparatively new, and its research has been expanding rapidly in the last few decades. It is a linguistics-related academic field however, it has also influenced research in other areas like sociolinguistics, psychology, and the field of anthropology.<br><br>There are a variety of perspectives on pragmatics, and they have contributed to its development and growth. One is the Gricean pragmatics approach, which is based primarily on the notions of intention and the interaction with the speaker's knowledge of the listener's comprehension. Conceptual and lexical perspectives on pragmatics are likewise perspectives on the subject. These perspectives have contributed to the diversity of subjects that researchers studying pragmatics have researched.<br><br>The research in pragmatics has been focused on a broad range of subjects that include L2 pragmatic comprehension and production of requests by EFL learners and the role of theory of mind in mental and physical metaphors. It can also be applied to various social and cultural phenomena, [http://bbs.01bim.com/home.php?mod=space&uid=1354832 프라그마틱 순위] 슬롯 추천 ([https://imoodle.win/wiki/15_Reasons_Why_You_Shouldnt_Be_Ignoring_Pragmatic_Play https://imoodle.win/]) such as political discourse, discriminatory language, and interpersonal communication. Pragmatics researchers also have employed diverse methodologies from experimental to sociocultural.<br><br>The amount of knowledge base in pragmatics is different by database, as shown in Figure 9A-C. The US and UK are two of the top performers in pragmatics research. However, their ranking varies depending on the database. This is due to the fact that pragmatics is a multidisciplinary field that intersects with other disciplines.<br><br>It is therefore difficult to rank the best pragmatics authors solely based on the quantity of their publications. It is possible to identify influential authors by examining their contributions to pragmatics. Bambini is one example. He has contributed to pragmatics by introducing concepts like politeness theories and conversational implicititure. Grice, Saul, and Kasper are also highly influential authors of pragmatics.<br><br>What is Free Pragmatics?<br><br>The study of pragmatics is focused on the contexts and users of language usage rather than focusing on reference grammar, truth, or. It focuses on how one utterance may be understood differently in different contexts. This includes ambiguity as well as indexicality. It also focuses on strategies that listeners employ to determine if phrases are intended to be a communication. It is closely related to the theory of conversational implicature, developed by Paul Grice.<br><br>While the distinction between semantics and pragmatics is a well-known and established one There is much debate about the precise boundaries of these disciplines. Some philosophers claim that the notion of meaning of sentences is a component of semantics, while others claim that this type of issue should be viewed as pragmatic.<br><br>Another controversy concerns whether pragmatics is a subfield of philosophy of languages or a part of the study of linguistics. Some researchers have suggested that pragmatics is a field in its distinct from the other disciplines and should be treated as distinct from the field of linguistics along with syntax, phonology, semantics and more. Others have suggested the study of pragmatics is a component of philosophy since it focuses on how our notions of the meaning and use of languages influence our theories about how languages work.<br><br>The debate has been fuelled by a handful of questions that are essential to the study of pragmatism. Some scholars have suggested for instance that pragmatics isn't an academic discipline by itself because it studies how people interpret and use the language, without necessarily referring back to facts about what was actually said. This type of method is known as far-side pragmatics. Some scholars have argued that the subject is a discipline in its own right since it examines the way in which the meaning and usage of language is dependent on cultural and social factors. This is known as near-side pragmatics.<br><br>Other topics of discussion in pragmatics include the way we perceive the nature of the interpretation of utterances as an inferential process and the role that the primary pragmatic processes play in the analysis of what is being spoken by an individual speaker in a sentence. These are issues that are more thoroughly discussed in the papers of Recanati and Bach. Both papers address the notions of saturation and free pragmatic enrichment. These are crucial pragmatic processes in the sense that they help to shape the overall meaning of a statement.<br><br>What is the difference between free and explanatory Pragmatics?<br><br>The study of pragmatics examines the way in which context influences the meaning of language. It examines the way human language is used during social interactions and the relationship between the speaker and interpreter. Linguists who specialize in pragmatics are referred to as pragmaticians.<br><br>Over the years, many different theories of pragmatism have been developed. Some, such as Gricean pragmatics, focus on the communicative intention of a speaker. Relevance Theory, for example, focuses on the processes of understanding that take place when listeners interpret utterances. Certain practical approaches have been put with other disciplines like cognitive science or philosophy.<br><br>There are also a variety of opinions regarding the boundaries between semantics and pragmatics. Morris is one philosopher who believes that pragmatics and semantics are two different topics. He argues semantics concerns the relationship between signs and objects they could or might not denote whereas pragmatics is concerned with the use of words in a context.<br><br>Other philosophers like Bach and Harnish have argued that pragmatism is a subfield of semantics. They distinguish between "near-side" and "far-side" pragmatics. Near-side pragmatics concerns what is said while far-side focuses on the logical implications of a statement. They believe that a portion of the 'pragmatics' of an utterance is already influenced by semantics, while other 'pragmatics' are determined by the pragmatic processes of inference.<br><br>One of the most important aspects of pragmatics is that it is a context-dependent phenomenon. This means that a single word may have different meanings depending on factors like indexicality or [http://www.1moli.top/home.php?mod=space&uid=147391 프라그마틱 홈페이지] [https://www.google.co.cr/url?q=https://historydb.date/wiki/15_Gifts_For_The_Pragmatic_Free_Slot_Buff_Lover_In_Your_Life 무료 프라그마틱]체험 [https://squareblogs.net/flarepantry77/the-time-has-come-to-expand-your-pragmatic-demo-options 프라그마틱 슬롯 사이트]버프 ([https://valetinowiki.racing/wiki/The_Reasons_Pragmatic_Free_Trial_Is_Harder_Than_You_Think mouse click on Valetinowiki]) ambiguity. Other factors that could alter the meaning of an expression include the structure of the discourse, speaker intentions and beliefs, and expectations of the listener.<br><br>A second aspect of pragmatics is its particularity to the culture. This is due to different cultures having their own rules about what is acceptable to say in different situations. For example, it is polite in some cultures to look at each other however it is not acceptable in other cultures.<br><br>There are many different perspectives on pragmatics and much research is being conducted in this area. The main areas of research include formal and computational pragmatics; theoretical and experimental pragmatics; intercultural and cross-linguistic pragmatics; and pragmatics that are experimental and clinical.<br><br>What is the relationship between Free Pragmatics and to Explanatory Pragmatics?<br><br>The pragmatics discipline is concerned with the way meaning is communicated by the language used in its context. It examines the way in which the speaker's intentions and beliefs affect the interpretation, focusing less on the grammatical aspects of the speech than on what is said. Linguists who specialize in pragmatics are referred to as pragmaticians. The topic of pragmatics is closely related to other areas of linguistics, such as semantics, syntax, and philosophy of language.<br><br>In recent years, the area of pragmatics has been developing in a variety of directions such as computational linguistics conversational pragmatics, and theoretical pragmatics. These areas are characterized by a broad range of research, which addresses topics such as lexical features and the interplay between discourse, language, and meaning.<br><br>In the philosophical discussion of pragmatics one of the main issues is whether it is possible to provide a thorough and systematic explanation of the interface between semantics and pragmatics. Some philosophers have argued it isn't (e.g. Morris 1938, Kaplan 1989). Other philosophers have claimed that the distinction between pragmatics and semantics is ill-defined and that semantics and pragmatics are really the same thing.<br><br>It is not uncommon for scholars to go back and forth between these two views, arguing that certain phenomena fall under either semantics or pragmatics. Some scholars believe that if a statement carries a literal truth conditional meaning, it's semantics. Others believe that the fact that a statement could be read differently is a sign of pragmatics.<br><br>Other researchers in the field of pragmatics have taken a different stance and argue that the truth-conditional meaning of an utterance is only one of many ways that the expression can be understood, and that all of these interpretations are valid. This method is often called far-side pragmatics.<br><br>Some recent work in pragmatics has sought to combine both approaches, attempting to capture the full scope of the possibilities for interpretation of a utterance by demonstrating how the speaker's beliefs and intentions contribute to the interpretation. For example, Champollion et al. The 2019 version combines an Gricean model of the Rational Speech Act framework, with technical innovations developed by Franke and Bergen. The model predicts that listeners will have to entertain a myriad of exhausted parses of an utterance that contains the universal FCI Any, and this is why the exclusiveness implicature is so robust compared to other plausible implications.

Latest revision as of 08:01, 27 January 2025

What is Pragmatics?

Pragmatics is the study of the relationship between language, context and meaning. It addresses questions such as What do people actually think when they use words?

It's a philosophy that is based on practical and sensible action. It's in contrast to idealism, the notion that you must always abide by your principles.

What is Pragmatics?

The study of pragmatics is the way that language users interact and communicate with each other. It is usually thought of as a component of language, although it differs from semantics because pragmatics looks at what the user intends to convey, not what the meaning actually is.

As a research area it is comparatively new, and its research has been expanding rapidly in the last few decades. It is a linguistics-related academic field however, it has also influenced research in other areas like sociolinguistics, psychology, and the field of anthropology.

There are a variety of perspectives on pragmatics, and they have contributed to its development and growth. One is the Gricean pragmatics approach, which is based primarily on the notions of intention and the interaction with the speaker's knowledge of the listener's comprehension. Conceptual and lexical perspectives on pragmatics are likewise perspectives on the subject. These perspectives have contributed to the diversity of subjects that researchers studying pragmatics have researched.

The research in pragmatics has been focused on a broad range of subjects that include L2 pragmatic comprehension and production of requests by EFL learners and the role of theory of mind in mental and physical metaphors. It can also be applied to various social and cultural phenomena, 프라그마틱 순위 슬롯 추천 (https://imoodle.win/) such as political discourse, discriminatory language, and interpersonal communication. Pragmatics researchers also have employed diverse methodologies from experimental to sociocultural.

The amount of knowledge base in pragmatics is different by database, as shown in Figure 9A-C. The US and UK are two of the top performers in pragmatics research. However, their ranking varies depending on the database. This is due to the fact that pragmatics is a multidisciplinary field that intersects with other disciplines.

It is therefore difficult to rank the best pragmatics authors solely based on the quantity of their publications. It is possible to identify influential authors by examining their contributions to pragmatics. Bambini is one example. He has contributed to pragmatics by introducing concepts like politeness theories and conversational implicititure. Grice, Saul, and Kasper are also highly influential authors of pragmatics.

What is Free Pragmatics?

The study of pragmatics is focused on the contexts and users of language usage rather than focusing on reference grammar, truth, or. It focuses on how one utterance may be understood differently in different contexts. This includes ambiguity as well as indexicality. It also focuses on strategies that listeners employ to determine if phrases are intended to be a communication. It is closely related to the theory of conversational implicature, developed by Paul Grice.

While the distinction between semantics and pragmatics is a well-known and established one There is much debate about the precise boundaries of these disciplines. Some philosophers claim that the notion of meaning of sentences is a component of semantics, while others claim that this type of issue should be viewed as pragmatic.

Another controversy concerns whether pragmatics is a subfield of philosophy of languages or a part of the study of linguistics. Some researchers have suggested that pragmatics is a field in its distinct from the other disciplines and should be treated as distinct from the field of linguistics along with syntax, phonology, semantics and more. Others have suggested the study of pragmatics is a component of philosophy since it focuses on how our notions of the meaning and use of languages influence our theories about how languages work.

The debate has been fuelled by a handful of questions that are essential to the study of pragmatism. Some scholars have suggested for instance that pragmatics isn't an academic discipline by itself because it studies how people interpret and use the language, without necessarily referring back to facts about what was actually said. This type of method is known as far-side pragmatics. Some scholars have argued that the subject is a discipline in its own right since it examines the way in which the meaning and usage of language is dependent on cultural and social factors. This is known as near-side pragmatics.

Other topics of discussion in pragmatics include the way we perceive the nature of the interpretation of utterances as an inferential process and the role that the primary pragmatic processes play in the analysis of what is being spoken by an individual speaker in a sentence. These are issues that are more thoroughly discussed in the papers of Recanati and Bach. Both papers address the notions of saturation and free pragmatic enrichment. These are crucial pragmatic processes in the sense that they help to shape the overall meaning of a statement.

What is the difference between free and explanatory Pragmatics?

The study of pragmatics examines the way in which context influences the meaning of language. It examines the way human language is used during social interactions and the relationship between the speaker and interpreter. Linguists who specialize in pragmatics are referred to as pragmaticians.

Over the years, many different theories of pragmatism have been developed. Some, such as Gricean pragmatics, focus on the communicative intention of a speaker. Relevance Theory, for example, focuses on the processes of understanding that take place when listeners interpret utterances. Certain practical approaches have been put with other disciplines like cognitive science or philosophy.

There are also a variety of opinions regarding the boundaries between semantics and pragmatics. Morris is one philosopher who believes that pragmatics and semantics are two different topics. He argues semantics concerns the relationship between signs and objects they could or might not denote whereas pragmatics is concerned with the use of words in a context.

Other philosophers like Bach and Harnish have argued that pragmatism is a subfield of semantics. They distinguish between "near-side" and "far-side" pragmatics. Near-side pragmatics concerns what is said while far-side focuses on the logical implications of a statement. They believe that a portion of the 'pragmatics' of an utterance is already influenced by semantics, while other 'pragmatics' are determined by the pragmatic processes of inference.

One of the most important aspects of pragmatics is that it is a context-dependent phenomenon. This means that a single word may have different meanings depending on factors like indexicality or 프라그마틱 홈페이지 무료 프라그마틱체험 프라그마틱 슬롯 사이트버프 (mouse click on Valetinowiki) ambiguity. Other factors that could alter the meaning of an expression include the structure of the discourse, speaker intentions and beliefs, and expectations of the listener.

A second aspect of pragmatics is its particularity to the culture. This is due to different cultures having their own rules about what is acceptable to say in different situations. For example, it is polite in some cultures to look at each other however it is not acceptable in other cultures.

There are many different perspectives on pragmatics and much research is being conducted in this area. The main areas of research include formal and computational pragmatics; theoretical and experimental pragmatics; intercultural and cross-linguistic pragmatics; and pragmatics that are experimental and clinical.

What is the relationship between Free Pragmatics and to Explanatory Pragmatics?

The pragmatics discipline is concerned with the way meaning is communicated by the language used in its context. It examines the way in which the speaker's intentions and beliefs affect the interpretation, focusing less on the grammatical aspects of the speech than on what is said. Linguists who specialize in pragmatics are referred to as pragmaticians. The topic of pragmatics is closely related to other areas of linguistics, such as semantics, syntax, and philosophy of language.

In recent years, the area of pragmatics has been developing in a variety of directions such as computational linguistics conversational pragmatics, and theoretical pragmatics. These areas are characterized by a broad range of research, which addresses topics such as lexical features and the interplay between discourse, language, and meaning.

In the philosophical discussion of pragmatics one of the main issues is whether it is possible to provide a thorough and systematic explanation of the interface between semantics and pragmatics. Some philosophers have argued it isn't (e.g. Morris 1938, Kaplan 1989). Other philosophers have claimed that the distinction between pragmatics and semantics is ill-defined and that semantics and pragmatics are really the same thing.

It is not uncommon for scholars to go back and forth between these two views, arguing that certain phenomena fall under either semantics or pragmatics. Some scholars believe that if a statement carries a literal truth conditional meaning, it's semantics. Others believe that the fact that a statement could be read differently is a sign of pragmatics.

Other researchers in the field of pragmatics have taken a different stance and argue that the truth-conditional meaning of an utterance is only one of many ways that the expression can be understood, and that all of these interpretations are valid. This method is often called far-side pragmatics.

Some recent work in pragmatics has sought to combine both approaches, attempting to capture the full scope of the possibilities for interpretation of a utterance by demonstrating how the speaker's beliefs and intentions contribute to the interpretation. For example, Champollion et al. The 2019 version combines an Gricean model of the Rational Speech Act framework, with technical innovations developed by Franke and Bergen. The model predicts that listeners will have to entertain a myriad of exhausted parses of an utterance that contains the universal FCI Any, and this is why the exclusiveness implicature is so robust compared to other plausible implications.