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What is Pragmatics?<br><br>Pragmatics is the study of the connection between context, language and meaning. It addresses questions like:  라이브 카지노 ([https://bookmarkuse.com/story17927384/the-next-big-thing-in-the-pragmatic-genuine-industry mouse click the up coming article]) What do people mean by the terms they use?<br><br>It's a philosophy that is based on practical and reasonable actions. It's in opposition to idealism, which is the belief that you should always stick to your beliefs.<br><br>What is Pragmatics?<br><br>The study of pragmatics focuses on how people who speak a language interact and communicate with each and with each other. It is typically thought of as a part of language however, it differs from semantics because pragmatics examines what the user intends to convey, not what the meaning actually is.<br><br>As a field of study it is comparatively new and research in the area has grown rapidly over the past few decades. It has been primarily an academic field of study within linguistics but it also has an impact on research in other fields such as speech-language pathology, psychology, sociolinguistics and anthropology.<br><br>There are many different approaches to pragmatics that have contributed to the growth and development of this field. For example, one perspective is the Gricean approach to pragmatics, which focuses on the notion of intention and how it affects the speaker's knowledge of the listener's understanding. Other perspectives on pragmatics include conceptual and lexical aspects of pragmatics. These perspectives have contributed to the wide range of subjects that researchers in pragmatics have studied.<br><br>The research in pragmatics has covered a broad range topics, such as pragmatic comprehension in L2 and demand production by EFL students, [https://bookmarkworm.com/story18042564/15-things-you-re-not-sure-of-about-pragmatic-recommendations 프라그마틱 슬롯 추천] and the importance of the theory of mind in mental and physical metaphors. It is also applied to cultural and social phenomena, including political discourse, discriminatory language and interpersonal communication. Researchers studying pragmatics have employed a wide range of methodologies from experimental to sociocultural.<br><br>Figure 9A-C shows that the size of the knowledge base on pragmatics is different according to the database utilized. The US and UK are two of the top contributors in pragmatics research. However, their position varies depending on the database. This is because pragmatics is multidisciplinary and interspersed with other disciplines.<br><br>It is therefore difficult to rank the best pragmatics authors solely by the quantity of their publications. However, it is possible to identify the most influential authors by looking at their contributions to pragmatics. For example, Bambini's contribution to pragmatics includes pioneering concepts such as conversational implicature, and politeness theory. Grice, Saul, and Kasper are the most influential authors of the field of pragmatics.<br><br>What is Free Pragmatics?<br><br>The study of pragmatics is more concerned with the contexts and users of language than it is with truth or reference, or grammar. It examines how a single phrase can be interpreted differently in different contexts. This includes ambiguity as well as indexicality. It also focuses primarily on the strategies employed by listeners to determine if phrases have a message. It is closely related to the theory of conversative implicature which was pioneered by Paul Grice.<br><br>The boundaries between these two disciplines are a matter of debate. While the distinction between these two disciplines is widely known, it isn't always clear how they should be drawn. For example some philosophers have claimed that the concept of sentence's meaning is an aspect of semantics, while others have claimed that this sort of thing should be considered as a pragmatic problem.<br><br>Another issue is whether pragmatics is a subfield of philosophy of language or a subset of the study of the study of linguistics. Some researchers have argued pragmatics is an autonomous discipline and should be considered a part of linguistics along with the study of phonology. syntax, semantics, [https://bookmarkport.com/story20156983/this-is-how-pragmatic-genuine-will-look-in-10-years-time 슬롯] etc. Others have suggested the study of pragmatics is a component of philosophy because it focuses on the way in which our beliefs about meaning and uses of languages influence our theories of how languages function.<br><br>The debate has been fuelled by a number of key issues that are central to the study of pragmatism. Some scholars have suggested, for example, that pragmatics isn't a discipline in its own right because it studies how people perceive and use language without necessarily referring to the facts about what actually was said. This type of approach is referred to as far-side pragmatics. Others, however, have argued that this study is a discipline in its own right, since it examines the way in which the meaning and use of language is dependent on cultural and social factors. This is called near-side pragmatics.<br><br>The field of pragmatics also focuses on the inferential nature and meaning of utterances, as well as the significance of the primary pragmatic processes in determining what a speaker means in a sentence. Recanati and Bach discuss these issues in more in depth. Both papers discuss the notions the concept of saturation and free enrichment in the context of a pragmatic. These are significant pragmatic processes that influence the meaning of an utterance.<br><br>How is Free Pragmatics Different from Explanatory Pragmatics?<br><br>The study of pragmatics examines how the context affects the meaning of linguistics. It examines how language is utilized in social interaction, and the relationship between the interpreter and the speaker. Linguists who specialize in pragmatics are known as pragmaticians.<br><br>A variety of theories of pragmatics have been developed over time. Some, like Gricean pragmatics, focus on the intention of communication of a speaker. Relevance Theory for instance, focuses on the processes of understanding that occur when listeners interpret the meaning of utterances. Certain approaches to pragmatics have been merged with other disciplines, such as philosophy and cognitive science.<br><br>There are also differing views on the borderline of semantics and pragmatics. Morris is one philosopher who believes that pragmatics and semantics are two distinct topics. He asserts semantics is concerned with the relationship of signs to objects that they might or may not represent, while pragmatics is concerned with the use of words in a context.<br><br>Other philosophers, like Bach and Harnish, have argued that pragmatics is a subfield of semantics. They differentiate between "near-side" and "far-side" pragmatics. Near-side pragmatics is focused on what is said, while far-side pragmatics is focused on the logical consequences of saying something. They argue that semantics determines the logical implications of an expression, whereas other pragmatics is determined by pragmatic processes.<br><br>One of the most important aspects of pragmatics is that it is a context-dependent phenomenon. This means that a single utterance can have different meanings based on factors like ambiguity or indexicality. Other factors that could alter the meaning of an expression include the structure of the discourse,  [https://bookmarkchamp.com/story18054979/15-hot-trends-coming-soon-about-pragmatic-korea 프라그마틱] speaker intentions and beliefs, as well as expectations of the listener.<br><br>Another aspect of pragmatics is that it is culture-specific. This is because each culture has its own rules for what is appropriate in different situations. For instance, it's polite in some cultures to look at each other while it is rude in other cultures.<br><br>There are many different views of pragmatics, and a lot of research is being done in this field. There are a variety of areas of research, including pragmatics that are computational and formal, theoretical and experimental pragmatics, cross and intercultural pragmatics of language,  [https://sociallweb.com/story3444817/what-you-should-be-focusing-on-improving-pragmatic-image 프라그마틱 슬롯 추천] as well as pragmatics in the clinical and experimental sense.<br><br>What is the relationship between Free Pragmatics and to Explanatory Pragmatics?<br><br>The discipline of pragmatics, a linguistic field, is concerned with the way meaning is conveyed through the use of language in context. It is less concerned with the grammatical structure of an utterance and more on what the speaker is saying. Pragmaticians are linguists that focus in pragmatics. The topic of pragmatics is closely related to other areas of linguistics such as syntax, semantics, and the philosophy of language.<br><br>In recent years, the field of pragmatics has grown in several different directions such as computational linguistics pragmatics of conversation, and theoretic pragmatics. There is a variety of research in these areas, which address issues such as the role of lexical elements, the interaction between discourse and language, and the nature of meaning itself.<br><br>In the philosophical discussion of pragmatism, one of the major questions is whether it's possible to give a rigorous and systematic analysis of the interface between semantics and pragmatics. Some philosophers have claimed that it isn't (e.g. Morris 1938, Kaplan 1989). Other philosophers have argued the distinction between semantics and pragmatics isn't well-defined and that they're the identical.<br><br>The debate over these positions is usually an ongoing debate and scholars arguing that certain events fall under the rubric of semantics or pragmatics. For example certain scholars argue that if a statement has a literal truth-conditional meaning then it is semantics. On the other hand, others argue that the fact that an expression may be interpreted in various ways is a sign of pragmatics.<br><br>Other researchers in pragmatics have taken an alternative approach. They claim that the truth-conditional interpretation of a sentence is just one of the many possible interpretations and that all interpretations are valid. This method is often known as far-side pragmatics.<br><br>Some recent work in pragmatics has attempted to integrate semantic and far-side approaches, attempting to capture the full scope of the possibilities for interpretation of a utterance by demonstrating how the speaker's intentions and beliefs affect the interpretation. For example, Champollion et al. The 2019 version incorporates an inverse Gricean model of Rational Speech Act framework, with technical innovations developed by Franke and Bergen. The model predicts that listeners will entertain a variety of possible exhaustified parses of a utterance that contains the universal FCI any which is what makes the exclusiveness implicature so robust as in comparison to other possible implicatures.
What is Pragmatics?<br><br>Pragmatics examines the connection between language and context. It asks questions like What do people actually think when they use words?<br><br>It's a philosophy that is focused on sensible and practical actions. It differs from idealism which is the idea that one must adhere to their beliefs regardless of what.<br><br>What is Pragmatics?<br><br>Pragmatics is the study of ways in which language users find meaning from and each with each other. It is often viewed as a part of language however it differs from semantics in the sense that pragmatics looks at what the user is trying to convey, not what the meaning actually is.<br><br>As a field of research, pragmatics is relatively young and [https://pragmatickr-com97642.full-design.com/14-common-misconceptions-about-pragmatic-slots-free-trial-73070716 프라그마틱 슬롯 하는법] its research has expanded rapidly in the last few decades. It is a linguistics academic field however, it has also influenced research in other areas such as psychology, sociolinguistics and anthropology.<br><br>There are many different ways to approach pragmatics that have contributed to the development and growth of this field. For example, one perspective is the Gricean approach to pragmatics that focuses on the concept of intention and how it interacts with the speaker's knowledge of the listener's understanding. Other perspectives on pragmatics include conceptual and lexical approaches to pragmatics. These views have contributed to the variety of topics that pragmatics researchers have researched.<br><br>The research in pragmatics has covered a broad range of subjects, including L2 pragmatic comprehension and request production by EFL students, as well as the role of the theory of mind in physical and mental metaphors. It can also be applied to social and cultural phenomena, such as political discourse, discriminatory language, and interpersonal communication. Pragmatics researchers also have employed a variety of methodologies that range from experimental to sociocultural.<br><br>The size of the knowledge base in pragmatics varies according to the database used, as shown in Figure 9A-C. The US and UK are two of the top producers in research on pragmatics. However, their ranking is dependent on the database. This is due to the fact that pragmatics is a multidisciplinary field that intersects with other disciplines.<br><br>It is therefore difficult to rank the best pragmatics authors solely by the number of their publications. However, it is possible to determine the most influential authors by looking at their contributions to the field of pragmatics. For instance Bambini's contribution to the field of pragmatics includes pioneering concepts such as conversational implicature, and politeness theory. Other authors who have been influential in the field of pragmatics are Grice, Saul and Kasper.<br><br>What is Free Pragmatics?<br><br>The study of pragmatics concentrates on the users and contexts of language usage rather than focusing on reference to truth, grammar, or. It focuses on how one utterance may be understood differently in different contexts. This includes ambiguity and indexicality. It also focuses on methods that listeners employ to determine if words are meant to be communicated. It is closely connected to the theory of conversative implicature which was developed by Paul Grice.<br><br>While the distinction between pragmatics and semantics is a well-known and established one There is a lot of debate about the precise boundaries of these disciplines. For instance philosophers have suggested that the concept of sentence's meaning is an aspect of semantics while others have argued that this kind of thing should be viewed as a pragmatic issue.<br><br>Another area of debate is whether the study of pragmatics is an linguistics-related branch or a part of the philosophy of language. Some researchers have argued that pragmatics is a discipline in its distinct from the other disciplines and should be treated as distinct from the field of linguistics along with syntax, phonology semantics, etc. Others, however, have suggested that the study of pragmatics is part of the philosophy of language because it focuses on the ways in which our concepts of the meaning and use of language influence our theories about how languages work.<br><br>There are several key aspects of the study of pragmatics that have been the source of much of this debate. Some scholars have suggested for instance that pragmatics isn't a subject by itself because it examines how people interpret and use language without necessarily referring back to actual facts about what was said. This type of approach is known as far-side pragmatics. Some scholars have argued that this research should be considered a discipline of its own since it studies how cultural and [https://vonp293mjn9.blogsvirals.com/profile 프라그마틱 정품 사이트] 무료 슬롯버프; [https://thebookmarkking.com/story18264171/3-ways-that-the-pragmatic-recommendations-influences-your-life Thebookmarkking.Com], social influences influence the meaning and use of language. This is known as near-side pragmatism.<br><br>Other topics of discussion in pragmatics include the manner in which we understand the nature of the interpretation of utterances as an inferential process, and the importance that primary pragmatic processes play in the analysis of what is said by the speaker in a particular sentence. These are topics that are discussed a bit more extensively in the papers of Recanati and Bach. Both papers explore the notions the concept of saturation and free pragmatic enrichment. These are crucial processes that help shape the meaning of utterances.<br><br>What is the difference between Free Pragmatics and from Explanatory Pragmatics?<br><br>Pragmatics is the study of how context contributes to linguistic meaning. It examines how language is used in social interactions, and the relationship between the interpreter and the speaker. Linguists who specialize in pragmatics are known as pragmaticians.<br><br>Over the years, many different theories of pragmatism have been developed. Some, such as Gricean pragmatics, concentrate on the communicative intention of a speaker. Relevance Theory for instance is a study of the processes of understanding that occur when listeners interpret the meaning of utterances. Some approaches to pragmatics have been merged with other disciplines, such as cognitive science and philosophy.<br><br>There are also a variety of opinions on the boundary between semantics and [https://minibookmarking.com/story18405314/responsible-for-the-pragmatic-product-authentication-budget-10-incredible-ways-to-spend-your-money 프라그마틱 슬롯 체험] pragmatics. Morris is one philosopher who believes that semantics and pragmatism are two distinct topics. He says that semantics deal with the relation of signs to objects which they may or may not denote, whereas pragmatics deals with the use of words in context.<br><br>Other philosophers like Bach and Harnish have suggested that pragmatism is an subfield within semantics. They differentiate between "near-side" and "far-side" pragmatics. Near-side pragmatics concentrates on the words spoken, while far-side pragmatics focuses on the logical consequences of saying something. They argue that a portion of the 'pragmatics' in an expression are already determined by semantics, while other 'pragmatics' are defined by the processes of inference.<br><br>The context is one of the most important aspects of pragmatics. This means that a single utterance could have different meanings based on the context, such as indexicality or ambiguity. Discourse structure, speaker beliefs and intentions, as well as listener expectations can also change the meaning of a word.<br><br>Another aspect of pragmatics is that it is a matter of culture. This is due to different cultures having their own rules about what is acceptable to say in different situations. For instance, it is polite in some cultures to make eye contact while it is rude in other cultures.<br><br>There are many different perspectives of pragmatics, and a great deal of research is being conducted in the field. There are many different areas of research, such as computational and formal pragmatics as well as experimental and theoretical pragmatism, intercultural and cross pragmatics in linguistics, and pragmatics in the clinical and experimental sense.<br><br>What is the relationship between free Pragmatics and to Explanatory Pragmatics?<br><br>The pragmatics discipline is concerned with how meaning is communicated by the language used in its context. It evaluates how the speaker's intentions and beliefs affect the interpretation, and focuses less on grammaral characteristics of the expression rather than what is said. Linguists who specialize in pragmatics are called pragmaticians. The subject of pragmatics has a connection to other areas of the study of linguistics such as syntax and semantics, or philosophy of language.<br><br>In recent years the field of pragmatics has developed in various directions such as computational linguistics conversational pragmatics, and theoretical pragmatics. These areas are distinguished by a broad range of research, which addresses aspects like lexical features and the interplay between language, discourse, and [https://annelic980uxe7.blogoscience.com/profile 프라그마틱 정품 사이트] meaning.<br><br>In the philosophical discussion of pragmatism one of the most important questions is whether it is possible to give a precise and systematic analysis of the interplay between pragmatics and semantics. Some philosophers have argued that it's not (e.g. Morris 1938, Kaplan 1989). Other philosophers have argued the distinction between pragmatics and semantics isn't well-defined, and that they are the same thing.<br><br>It is not unusual for scholars to debate between these two positions and argue that certain events fall under either semantics or pragmatics. Some scholars say that if a statement is interpreted with the literal truth conditional meaning,  [https://pragmatickr75420.blogminds.com/how-pragmatic-free-slot-buff-has-changed-the-history-of-pragmatic-free-slot-buff-28061284 프라그마틱 데모] it's semantics. Others argue that the fact that a statement could be interpreted differently is pragmatics.<br><br>Other pragmatics researchers have taken a different approach and argue that the truth-conditional meaning of an utterance is only one among many ways in which the word can be interpreted, and that all of these interpretations are valid. This is sometimes referred to as "far-side pragmatics".<br><br>Some recent work in pragmatics has attempted to integrate both approaches, attempting to capture the entire range of possibilities of an utterance's interpretation by modeling how a speaker's beliefs and intentions contribute to the interpretation. For example, Champollion et al. The 2019 version combines an Gricean model of the Rational Speech Act framework, with technical innovations developed by Franke and Bergen. The model predicts that listeners will consider a range of possible exhaustified versions of an utterance containing the universal FCI any, and that this is what makes the exclusiveness implicature so reliable when in comparison to other possible implicatures.

Revision as of 15:11, 5 January 2025

What is Pragmatics?

Pragmatics examines the connection between language and context. It asks questions like What do people actually think when they use words?

It's a philosophy that is focused on sensible and practical actions. It differs from idealism which is the idea that one must adhere to their beliefs regardless of what.

What is Pragmatics?

Pragmatics is the study of ways in which language users find meaning from and each with each other. It is often viewed as a part of language however it differs from semantics in the sense that pragmatics looks at what the user is trying to convey, not what the meaning actually is.

As a field of research, pragmatics is relatively young and 프라그마틱 슬롯 하는법 its research has expanded rapidly in the last few decades. It is a linguistics academic field however, it has also influenced research in other areas such as psychology, sociolinguistics and anthropology.

There are many different ways to approach pragmatics that have contributed to the development and growth of this field. For example, one perspective is the Gricean approach to pragmatics that focuses on the concept of intention and how it interacts with the speaker's knowledge of the listener's understanding. Other perspectives on pragmatics include conceptual and lexical approaches to pragmatics. These views have contributed to the variety of topics that pragmatics researchers have researched.

The research in pragmatics has covered a broad range of subjects, including L2 pragmatic comprehension and request production by EFL students, as well as the role of the theory of mind in physical and mental metaphors. It can also be applied to social and cultural phenomena, such as political discourse, discriminatory language, and interpersonal communication. Pragmatics researchers also have employed a variety of methodologies that range from experimental to sociocultural.

The size of the knowledge base in pragmatics varies according to the database used, as shown in Figure 9A-C. The US and UK are two of the top producers in research on pragmatics. However, their ranking is dependent on the database. This is due to the fact that pragmatics is a multidisciplinary field that intersects with other disciplines.

It is therefore difficult to rank the best pragmatics authors solely by the number of their publications. However, it is possible to determine the most influential authors by looking at their contributions to the field of pragmatics. For instance Bambini's contribution to the field of pragmatics includes pioneering concepts such as conversational implicature, and politeness theory. Other authors who have been influential in the field of pragmatics are Grice, Saul and Kasper.

What is Free Pragmatics?

The study of pragmatics concentrates on the users and contexts of language usage rather than focusing on reference to truth, grammar, or. It focuses on how one utterance may be understood differently in different contexts. This includes ambiguity and indexicality. It also focuses on methods that listeners employ to determine if words are meant to be communicated. It is closely connected to the theory of conversative implicature which was developed by Paul Grice.

While the distinction between pragmatics and semantics is a well-known and established one There is a lot of debate about the precise boundaries of these disciplines. For instance philosophers have suggested that the concept of sentence's meaning is an aspect of semantics while others have argued that this kind of thing should be viewed as a pragmatic issue.

Another area of debate is whether the study of pragmatics is an linguistics-related branch or a part of the philosophy of language. Some researchers have argued that pragmatics is a discipline in its distinct from the other disciplines and should be treated as distinct from the field of linguistics along with syntax, phonology semantics, etc. Others, however, have suggested that the study of pragmatics is part of the philosophy of language because it focuses on the ways in which our concepts of the meaning and use of language influence our theories about how languages work.

There are several key aspects of the study of pragmatics that have been the source of much of this debate. Some scholars have suggested for instance that pragmatics isn't a subject by itself because it examines how people interpret and use language without necessarily referring back to actual facts about what was said. This type of approach is known as far-side pragmatics. Some scholars have argued that this research should be considered a discipline of its own since it studies how cultural and 프라그마틱 정품 사이트 무료 슬롯버프; Thebookmarkking.Com, social influences influence the meaning and use of language. This is known as near-side pragmatism.

Other topics of discussion in pragmatics include the manner in which we understand the nature of the interpretation of utterances as an inferential process, and the importance that primary pragmatic processes play in the analysis of what is said by the speaker in a particular sentence. These are topics that are discussed a bit more extensively in the papers of Recanati and Bach. Both papers explore the notions the concept of saturation and free pragmatic enrichment. These are crucial processes that help shape the meaning of utterances.

What is the difference between Free Pragmatics and from Explanatory Pragmatics?

Pragmatics is the study of how context contributes to linguistic meaning. It examines how language is used in social interactions, and the relationship between the interpreter and the speaker. Linguists who specialize in pragmatics are known as pragmaticians.

Over the years, many different theories of pragmatism have been developed. Some, such as Gricean pragmatics, concentrate on the communicative intention of a speaker. Relevance Theory for instance is a study of the processes of understanding that occur when listeners interpret the meaning of utterances. Some approaches to pragmatics have been merged with other disciplines, such as cognitive science and philosophy.

There are also a variety of opinions on the boundary between semantics and 프라그마틱 슬롯 체험 pragmatics. Morris is one philosopher who believes that semantics and pragmatism are two distinct topics. He says that semantics deal with the relation of signs to objects which they may or may not denote, whereas pragmatics deals with the use of words in context.

Other philosophers like Bach and Harnish have suggested that pragmatism is an subfield within semantics. They differentiate between "near-side" and "far-side" pragmatics. Near-side pragmatics concentrates on the words spoken, while far-side pragmatics focuses on the logical consequences of saying something. They argue that a portion of the 'pragmatics' in an expression are already determined by semantics, while other 'pragmatics' are defined by the processes of inference.

The context is one of the most important aspects of pragmatics. This means that a single utterance could have different meanings based on the context, such as indexicality or ambiguity. Discourse structure, speaker beliefs and intentions, as well as listener expectations can also change the meaning of a word.

Another aspect of pragmatics is that it is a matter of culture. This is due to different cultures having their own rules about what is acceptable to say in different situations. For instance, it is polite in some cultures to make eye contact while it is rude in other cultures.

There are many different perspectives of pragmatics, and a great deal of research is being conducted in the field. There are many different areas of research, such as computational and formal pragmatics as well as experimental and theoretical pragmatism, intercultural and cross pragmatics in linguistics, and pragmatics in the clinical and experimental sense.

What is the relationship between free Pragmatics and to Explanatory Pragmatics?

The pragmatics discipline is concerned with how meaning is communicated by the language used in its context. It evaluates how the speaker's intentions and beliefs affect the interpretation, and focuses less on grammaral characteristics of the expression rather than what is said. Linguists who specialize in pragmatics are called pragmaticians. The subject of pragmatics has a connection to other areas of the study of linguistics such as syntax and semantics, or philosophy of language.

In recent years the field of pragmatics has developed in various directions such as computational linguistics conversational pragmatics, and theoretical pragmatics. These areas are distinguished by a broad range of research, which addresses aspects like lexical features and the interplay between language, discourse, and 프라그마틱 정품 사이트 meaning.

In the philosophical discussion of pragmatism one of the most important questions is whether it is possible to give a precise and systematic analysis of the interplay between pragmatics and semantics. Some philosophers have argued that it's not (e.g. Morris 1938, Kaplan 1989). Other philosophers have argued the distinction between pragmatics and semantics isn't well-defined, and that they are the same thing.

It is not unusual for scholars to debate between these two positions and argue that certain events fall under either semantics or pragmatics. Some scholars say that if a statement is interpreted with the literal truth conditional meaning, 프라그마틱 데모 it's semantics. Others argue that the fact that a statement could be interpreted differently is pragmatics.

Other pragmatics researchers have taken a different approach and argue that the truth-conditional meaning of an utterance is only one among many ways in which the word can be interpreted, and that all of these interpretations are valid. This is sometimes referred to as "far-side pragmatics".

Some recent work in pragmatics has attempted to integrate both approaches, attempting to capture the entire range of possibilities of an utterance's interpretation by modeling how a speaker's beliefs and intentions contribute to the interpretation. For example, Champollion et al. The 2019 version combines an Gricean model of the Rational Speech Act framework, with technical innovations developed by Franke and Bergen. The model predicts that listeners will consider a range of possible exhaustified versions of an utterance containing the universal FCI any, and that this is what makes the exclusiveness implicature so reliable when in comparison to other possible implicatures.