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What is Pragmatics?<br><br>Pragmatics studies the relationship between context and language. It addresses issues such as what do people mean by the words they use?<br><br>It's a philosophy of practical and reasonable action. It's in opposition to idealism, the belief that you must always abide to your beliefs.<br><br>What is Pragmatics?<br><br>The study of pragmatics examines how people who speak a language communicate and interact with each other. It is often thought of as a part of a language, but it differs from semantics since it concentrates on what the user is trying to convey and not what the actual meaning is.<br><br>As a research field it is comparatively new and its research has been expanding rapidly over the last few decades. It is a language academic field, but it has also influenced research in other areas such as psychology, [https://pragmatickrcom19763.blog-gold.com/36644367/why-the-pragmatic-free-slots-is-beneficial-in-covid-19 프라그마틱 무료] sociolinguistics and Anthropology.<br><br>There are a myriad of methods of pragmatics that have contributed to the development and growth of this discipline. For example, one perspective is the Gricean approach to pragmatics, that focuses on the concept of intention and how it affects the speaker's knowledge of the listener's understanding. Other perspectives on pragmatics include lexical and conceptual approaches to pragmatics. These views have contributed to the variety of subjects that pragmatics researchers have researched.<br><br>The study of pragmatics has covered a wide variety of topics, including pragmatic understanding in L2 and request production by EFL students, as well as the role of the theory of mind in physical and mental metaphors. It has been applied to cultural and social phenomena like political discourse, discriminatory speech, and interpersonal communication. Researchers in pragmatics have used diverse methodologies from experimental to sociocultural.<br><br>Figure 9A-C shows that the size of the knowledge base for pragmatics differs depending on the database utilized. The US and the UK are two of the top performers in the field of pragmatics research. However, their position varies depending on the database. This is due to the fact that pragmatics is a multidisciplinary field that intersects with other disciplines.<br><br>It is therefore difficult to determine the top pragmatics authors according to the number of their publications. However, it is possible to identify the most influential authors through analyzing their contributions to pragmatics. For instance Bambini's contribution in pragmatics is a pioneering concept such as conversational implicature and politeness theory. Other highly influential authors in the field of pragmatics are Grice, Saul and Kasper.<br><br>What is Free Pragmatics?<br><br>The study of pragmatics is more concerned with the contexts and the users of language than it is with truth or reference, or grammar. It focuses on how a single phrase can be interpreted differently in different contexts. This includes ambiguity and indexicality. It also focuses on the strategies that hearers use to determine whether phrases are intended to be communicative. It is closely related to the theory of conversational implicature, which was developed by Paul Grice.<br><br>While the distinction between pragmatics and semantics is a well-known, long-established one, there is much debate about the precise boundaries of these fields. Some philosophers believe that the notion of meaning of sentences is a component of semantics, while others argue that this kind of problem should be treated as pragmatic.<br><br>Another issue is whether pragmatics is a subfield of philosophy of languages or a branch of the study of the study of linguistics. Some researchers have suggested that pragmatics is a subject in its own right and that it should be treated as an independent part of the field of linguistics along with syntax, phonology semantics and so on. Others have claimed that the study of pragmatics should be considered part of the philosophy of language since it deals with the ways that our beliefs about the meanings and functions of language influence our theories of how languages work.<br><br>There are a few key issues in the study of pragmatics that have fuelled many of the debates. Some scholars have argued, for example, that pragmatics isn't a discipline in its own right because it studies how people interpret and use the language, without necessarily referring to the actual facts about what was said. This type of method is known as far-side pragmatics. Some scholars, however have argued that this research ought to be considered a discipline of its own because it studies how cultural and social factors influence the meaning and use of language. This is known as near-side pragmatics.<br><br>The pragmatics field also discusses the inferential nature of utterances and the importance of the primary pragmatic processes in determining what a speaker means in a sentence. Recanati and Bach discuss these topics in greater in depth. Both papers discuss the notions saturation and free enrichment of the pragmatic. These are crucial processes that help shape the meaning of utterances.<br><br>What is the difference between explanatory and free Pragmatics?<br><br>Pragmatics is the study of the role that context plays to the meaning of a language. It analyzes how human language is utilized in social interactions, as well as the relationship between the interpreter and the speaker. Pragmaticians are linguists that focus on pragmatics.<br><br>Many different theories of pragmatics have been developed over time. Some, such as Gricean pragmatics, focus on the intention of communication of the speaker. Relevance Theory, for example is focused on the processes of understanding that occur when listeners interpret utterances. Some pragmatics theories have been combined with other disciplines, such as philosophy and cognitive science.<br><br>There are also divergent opinions regarding the boundaries between pragmatics and semantics. Morris is one philosopher who believes that pragmatics and  [https://bookmarkingquest.com/story18019499/what-is-the-pragmatic-free-trial-meta-term-and-how-to-use-it 프라그마틱 무료체험 슬롯버프] 정품확인; [https://bookmarksknot.com/story19705359/why-we-do-we-love-pragmatic-game-and-you-should-too Bookmarksknot.Com], semantics are two different topics. He states that semantics is concerned with the relation of words to objects they may or not denote, whereas pragmatics deals with the use of the words in context.<br><br>Other philosophers, such as Bach and Harnish have suggested that pragmatism is an subfield of semantics. They differentiate between "near-side" and "far-side" pragmatics. Near-side pragmatics is concerned with the content of what is said, while far-side is focused on the logical implications of uttering a phrase. They claim that semantics is already determining some of the pragmatics of a statement, whereas other pragmatics are determined by the pragmatic processes.<br><br>One of the most important aspects of pragmatics is that it is contextually dependent. This means that a single word may have different meanings depending on the context, such as ambiguity or indexicality. Other elements that can alter the meaning of an utterance include discourse structure, speaker intentions and beliefs, and listener expectations.<br><br>A second aspect of pragmatics is its particularity in culture. This is due to different cultures having their own rules about what is appropriate to say in various situations. In certain cultures,  [https://zbookmarkhub.com/story18215677/7-useful-tips-for-making-the-most-out-of-your-pragmatic-slot-manipulation 프라그마틱 무료체험] 정품확인방법 - [https://bookmarksoflife.com/story3581815/what-is-pragmatic-and-how-to-use-it Https://Bookmarksoflife.Com/Story3581815/What-Is-Pragmatic-And-How-To-Use-It] - it's acceptable to keep eye contact. In other cultures, it's considered rude.<br><br>There are many different views of pragmatics, and a great deal of research is conducted in the field. There are a myriad of areas of study, including computational and formal pragmatics, theoretical and experimental pragmatics, cross and intercultural pragmatics of language, as well as clinical and experimentative pragmatics.<br><br>How is Free Pragmatics Similar to Explanatory Pragmatics?<br><br>The discipline of pragmatics in linguistics is concerned with how meaning is conveyed through the use of language in context. It analyzes the ways in which the speaker's intention and beliefs contribute to interpretation, and focuses less on grammaral characteristics of the expression rather than what is said. Pragmaticians are linguists who focus in pragmatics. The subject of pragmatics is related to other areas of linguistics, like syntax, semantics and the philosophy of language.<br><br>In recent years the field of pragmatics has developed in several different directions that include computational linguistics, pragmatics in conversation, and theoretical pragmatics. These areas are characterized by a variety of research, which focuses on topics such as lexical features and the interplay between discourse, language and meaning.<br><br>In the philosophical debate on pragmatism one of the main questions is whether it is possible to give a rigorous and systematic analysis of the interface between semantics and pragmatics. Some philosophers have argued that it's not (e.g. Morris 1938, Kaplan 1989). Other philosophers have suggested that the distinction between pragmatics and semantics is unclear and that pragmatics and semantics are actually the identical.<br><br>The debate between these positions is often a tussle and scholars arguing that particular instances fall under the umbrella of semantics or pragmatics. For example some scholars believe that if a statement has an actual truth-conditional meaning, then it is semantics, whereas others believe that the fact that a statement could be interpreted in different ways is pragmatics.<br><br>Other researchers in pragmatics have taken an alternative route. They claim that the truth-conditional interpretation of a sentence is just one of the many possible interpretations, and that all of them are valid. This is sometimes described as "far-side pragmatics".<br><br>Recent research in pragmatics has sought to integrate semantic and distant side methods. It tries to capture the entire range of interpretive possibilities for a speaker's utterance by illustrating how the speaker's beliefs and intentions influence the interpretation. For example, Champollion et al. The 2019 version combines an inverse Gricean model of Rational Speech Act framework, with technical innovations developed by Franke and Bergen. The model predicts that listeners will be entertained by a variety of exhausted parses of an speech that is a part of the universal FCI Any. This is why the exclusiveness implicature is so robust when compared to other plausible implications.
What is Pragmatics?<br><br>Pragmatics is a study of the relationship between context and language. It deals with questions like What do people mean by the words they use?<br><br>It's a philosophy that is focused on practical and reasonable actions. It differs from idealism which is the belief that one must adhere to their principles regardless of the circumstances.<br><br>What is Pragmatics?<br><br>Pragmatics is the study of the ways that language users gain meaning from and each with each other. It is often seen as a part of a language, but it differs from semantics in that it focuses on what the user wants to convey, not what the meaning is.<br><br>As a research field the field of pragmatics is relatively new, and its research has been expanding rapidly over the last few decades. It is primarily an academic discipline within linguistics, but it also influences research in other fields, such as speech-language pathology, psychology sociolinguistics, and Anthropology.<br><br>There are many different ways to approach pragmatics that have contributed to the development and growth of this discipline. One example is the Gricean approach to pragmatics which focuses on the notion of intention and how it affects the speaker's understanding of the listener's. The lexical and concept strategies for pragmatics are likewise perspectives on the topic. These perspectives have contributed to the diversity of topics that researchers in pragmatics have investigated.<br><br>The research in pragmatics has covered a wide variety of topics, including pragmatic understanding in L2 and request production by EFL students, and the significance of the theory of mind in physical and mental metaphors. It has been applied to social and [https://pragmatickr97531.shoutmyblog.com/29899014/how-pragmatic-slot-buff-has-transformed-my-life-the-better 프라그마틱 불법] cultural phenomena like political discourse, discriminatory speech and interpersonal communication. Pragmatics researchers have also employed diverse methodologies, from experimental to sociocultural.<br><br>Figure 9A-C illustrates that the size of the knowledge base for pragmatics varies according to the database utilized. The US and the UK are two of the top performers in research on pragmatics. However, their ranking varies depending on the database. This is due to pragmatics being a multidisciplinary area that intersects other disciplines.<br><br>It is therefore hard to classify the top authors in pragmatics solely according to the number of publications they have published. It is possible to identify influential authors by examining their contributions to the field of pragmatics. For example Bambini's contribution to the field of pragmatics includes pioneering concepts like conversational implicature and politeness theory. Grice, Saul, and Kasper are also highly influential authors of pragmatics.<br><br>What is Free Pragmatics?<br><br>The study of pragmatics is more concerned with the contexts and users of language rather than with truth or reference, or grammar. It focuses on how a single word can be understood in different ways in different contexts. This includes ambiguity as well as indexicality. It also focuses on the strategies employed by listeners to determine whether utterances have a communicative intent. It is closely connected to the theory of conversational implicature developed by Paul Grice.<br><br>While the distinction between pragmatics and semantics is a well-known and long-established one however, there is a lot of debate regarding the exact boundaries of these fields. For instance philosophers have suggested that the notion of a sentence's meaning is an aspect of semantics, while others have claimed that this sort of thing should be viewed as a pragmatic issue.<br><br>Another issue that has been a source of contention is whether the study of pragmatics should be regarded as to be a linguistics branch or as a component of philosophy of language. Some researchers have suggested that pragmatics is a discipline in its distinct from the other disciplines and should be considered distinct from linguistics alongside phonology, syntax, semantics, etc. Others have suggested the study of pragmatics is a part of philosophy since it focuses on the way in which our beliefs about the meaning and use of languages influence our theories on how languages function.<br><br>This debate has been fueled by a number of key issues that are central to the study of pragmatics. Some scholars have suggested for instance that pragmatics isn't a discipline in and of itself since it studies how people interpret and use the language, without necessarily referring to the actual facts about what was said. This kind of approach is referred to as far-side pragmatics. Some scholars, however have argued that this research should be considered an academic discipline since it studies how social and [https://ok-social.com/story3671393/pragmatic-free-trial-meta-strategies-that-will-change-your-life 프라그마틱 정품인증] cultural influences influence the meaning and use language. This is known as near-side pragmatics.<br><br>Other topics of discussion in pragmatics include the way we perceive the nature of the utterance interpretation process as an inferential process, and the role that the primary pragmatic processes play in the analysis of what is being spoken by a speaker in a given sentence. Recanati and Bach examine these issues in more depth. Both papers address the notions of the concept of saturation and free pragmatic enrichment. These are significant pragmatic processes that influence the meaning of utterances.<br><br>How is Free Pragmatics Different from Explanatory Pragmatics?<br><br>Pragmatics is the study of the role that context plays to the meaning of language. It examines how language is used in social interaction, and  [https://pragmatickr-com86420.dailyhitblog.com/35885195/8-tips-to-boost-your-pragmatic-demo-game 프라그마틱 슬롯무료] the relationship between the speaker and the interpreter. Linguists who specialize in pragmatics are known as pragmaticians.<br><br>Over the years, many theories of pragmatism have been developed. Some, like Gricean pragmatics, concentrate on the communicative intention of the speaker. Others, like Relevance Theory, focus on the processes of understanding that occur during the interpretation of utterances by hearers. Some pragmatics theories have been combined with other disciplines, such as philosophy and cognitive science.<br><br>There are different opinions on the borderline between semantics and pragmatics. Some philosophers, such as Morris, believe that semantics and pragmatics are two distinct subjects. He says that semantics deal with the relationship of signs to objects that they could or not denote, while pragmatics is concerned with the use of the words in context.<br><br>Other philosophers,  라이브 카지노; [https://socialtechnet.com/story3659393/10-apps-to-aid-you-control-your-pragmatic-slot-recommendations Socialtechnet.Com], like Bach and Harnish,  [https://pragmatic97531.tkzblog.com/30329327/are-you-responsible-for-an-pragmatic-play-budget-12-ways-to-spend-your-money 프라그마틱 데모] have argued that pragmatics is a field that is part of semantics. They distinguish between "near-side" and "far-side" pragmatics. Near-side pragmatics is focused on what is said, while far-side pragmatics is focused on the logical implications of saying something. They believe that semantics already determines certain aspects of the meaning of an expression, whereas other pragmatics are determined by pragmatic processes.<br><br>The context is one of the most important aspects of pragmatics. This means that a single word could have different meanings based on factors like indexicality or ambiguity. Other elements that can alter the meaning of an utterance are the structure of the speech, the speaker's intentions and beliefs, [https://pragmatickrcom45543.link4blogs.com/52387846/begin-by-meeting-the-steve-jobs-of-the-pragmatic-korea-industry 프라그마틱 정품 확인법] as well as the expectations of the listener.<br><br>A second aspect of pragmatics is its particularity to the culture. This is due to different cultures having their own rules regarding what is appropriate to say in different situations. In some cultures, it's polite to look at each other. In other cultures, it's considered rude.<br><br>There are many different perspectives of pragmatics, and lots of research is being conducted in the field. The main areas of research are: formal and computational pragmatics; theoretical and experimental pragmatics; intercultural and cross-linguistic pragmatics; pragmatics that are experimental and clinical.<br><br>How is Free Pragmatics Similar to Explanatory Pragmatics?<br><br>The linguistic discipline of pragmatics is concerned with the way meaning is conveyed through the use of language in a context. It analyzes how the speaker's intentions and beliefs affect the interpretation, and focuses less on grammaral characteristics of the expression instead of what is being said. Linguists who specialize in pragmatics are referred to as pragmaticians. The subject of pragmatics has a connection to other areas of study of linguistics, such as syntax and semantics, or philosophy of language.<br><br>In recent times the field of pragmatics has expanded in many directions. These include conversational pragmatics and computational linguistics. There is a variety of research conducted in these areas, addressing topics such as the role of lexical features, the interaction between language and discourse, and the nature of the concept of meaning.<br><br>One of the most important issues in the philosophical discussion of pragmatics is whether or not it is possible to have an exhaustive, systematic view of the pragmatics/semantics interface. Some philosophers have argued that it's not (e.g. Morris 1938, Kaplan 1989). Other philosophers have argued that the distinction between pragmatics and semantics is not clear and that semantics and pragmatics are in fact the same thing.<br><br>It is not uncommon for scholars to go back and forth between these two views, arguing that certain phenomena fall under either semantics or pragmatics. Some scholars argue that if a statement carries an actual truth conditional meaning, it is semantics. Others believe that the possibility that a statement may be interpreted differently is pragmatics.<br><br>Other pragmatics researchers have taken a different approach and argue that the truth-conditional meaning of an expression is only one of many ways in which an expression can be understood, and that all interpretations are valid. This approach is often referred to as "far-side pragmatics".<br><br>Recent research in pragmatics has tried to combine the concepts of semantics and far-side in an effort to comprehend the full scope of the possibilities for interpretation of a utterance by modeling how a speaker's beliefs and intentions contribute to the interpretation. For example, Champollion et al. (2019) combine a Gricean game-theoretic model of the Rational Speech Act framework with technological advances from Franke and Bergen (2020). The model predicts that listeners will have to entertain a myriad of exhausted parses of a speech that is a part of the universal FCI Any, and that is the reason why the exclusivity implicature is so strong compared to other plausible implications.

Revision as of 01:29, 11 January 2025

What is Pragmatics?

Pragmatics is a study of the relationship between context and language. It deals with questions like What do people mean by the words they use?

It's a philosophy that is focused on practical and reasonable actions. It differs from idealism which is the belief that one must adhere to their principles regardless of the circumstances.

What is Pragmatics?

Pragmatics is the study of the ways that language users gain meaning from and each with each other. It is often seen as a part of a language, but it differs from semantics in that it focuses on what the user wants to convey, not what the meaning is.

As a research field the field of pragmatics is relatively new, and its research has been expanding rapidly over the last few decades. It is primarily an academic discipline within linguistics, but it also influences research in other fields, such as speech-language pathology, psychology sociolinguistics, and Anthropology.

There are many different ways to approach pragmatics that have contributed to the development and growth of this discipline. One example is the Gricean approach to pragmatics which focuses on the notion of intention and how it affects the speaker's understanding of the listener's. The lexical and concept strategies for pragmatics are likewise perspectives on the topic. These perspectives have contributed to the diversity of topics that researchers in pragmatics have investigated.

The research in pragmatics has covered a wide variety of topics, including pragmatic understanding in L2 and request production by EFL students, and the significance of the theory of mind in physical and mental metaphors. It has been applied to social and 프라그마틱 불법 cultural phenomena like political discourse, discriminatory speech and interpersonal communication. Pragmatics researchers have also employed diverse methodologies, from experimental to sociocultural.

Figure 9A-C illustrates that the size of the knowledge base for pragmatics varies according to the database utilized. The US and the UK are two of the top performers in research on pragmatics. However, their ranking varies depending on the database. This is due to pragmatics being a multidisciplinary area that intersects other disciplines.

It is therefore hard to classify the top authors in pragmatics solely according to the number of publications they have published. It is possible to identify influential authors by examining their contributions to the field of pragmatics. For example Bambini's contribution to the field of pragmatics includes pioneering concepts like conversational implicature and politeness theory. Grice, Saul, and Kasper are also highly influential authors of pragmatics.

What is Free Pragmatics?

The study of pragmatics is more concerned with the contexts and users of language rather than with truth or reference, or grammar. It focuses on how a single word can be understood in different ways in different contexts. This includes ambiguity as well as indexicality. It also focuses on the strategies employed by listeners to determine whether utterances have a communicative intent. It is closely connected to the theory of conversational implicature developed by Paul Grice.

While the distinction between pragmatics and semantics is a well-known and long-established one however, there is a lot of debate regarding the exact boundaries of these fields. For instance philosophers have suggested that the notion of a sentence's meaning is an aspect of semantics, while others have claimed that this sort of thing should be viewed as a pragmatic issue.

Another issue that has been a source of contention is whether the study of pragmatics should be regarded as to be a linguistics branch or as a component of philosophy of language. Some researchers have suggested that pragmatics is a discipline in its distinct from the other disciplines and should be considered distinct from linguistics alongside phonology, syntax, semantics, etc. Others have suggested the study of pragmatics is a part of philosophy since it focuses on the way in which our beliefs about the meaning and use of languages influence our theories on how languages function.

This debate has been fueled by a number of key issues that are central to the study of pragmatics. Some scholars have suggested for instance that pragmatics isn't a discipline in and of itself since it studies how people interpret and use the language, without necessarily referring to the actual facts about what was said. This kind of approach is referred to as far-side pragmatics. Some scholars, however have argued that this research should be considered an academic discipline since it studies how social and 프라그마틱 정품인증 cultural influences influence the meaning and use language. This is known as near-side pragmatics.

Other topics of discussion in pragmatics include the way we perceive the nature of the utterance interpretation process as an inferential process, and the role that the primary pragmatic processes play in the analysis of what is being spoken by a speaker in a given sentence. Recanati and Bach examine these issues in more depth. Both papers address the notions of the concept of saturation and free pragmatic enrichment. These are significant pragmatic processes that influence the meaning of utterances.

How is Free Pragmatics Different from Explanatory Pragmatics?

Pragmatics is the study of the role that context plays to the meaning of language. It examines how language is used in social interaction, and 프라그마틱 슬롯무료 the relationship between the speaker and the interpreter. Linguists who specialize in pragmatics are known as pragmaticians.

Over the years, many theories of pragmatism have been developed. Some, like Gricean pragmatics, concentrate on the communicative intention of the speaker. Others, like Relevance Theory, focus on the processes of understanding that occur during the interpretation of utterances by hearers. Some pragmatics theories have been combined with other disciplines, such as philosophy and cognitive science.

There are different opinions on the borderline between semantics and pragmatics. Some philosophers, such as Morris, believe that semantics and pragmatics are two distinct subjects. He says that semantics deal with the relationship of signs to objects that they could or not denote, while pragmatics is concerned with the use of the words in context.

Other philosophers, 라이브 카지노; Socialtechnet.Com, like Bach and Harnish, 프라그마틱 데모 have argued that pragmatics is a field that is part of semantics. They distinguish between "near-side" and "far-side" pragmatics. Near-side pragmatics is focused on what is said, while far-side pragmatics is focused on the logical implications of saying something. They believe that semantics already determines certain aspects of the meaning of an expression, whereas other pragmatics are determined by pragmatic processes.

The context is one of the most important aspects of pragmatics. This means that a single word could have different meanings based on factors like indexicality or ambiguity. Other elements that can alter the meaning of an utterance are the structure of the speech, the speaker's intentions and beliefs, 프라그마틱 정품 확인법 as well as the expectations of the listener.

A second aspect of pragmatics is its particularity to the culture. This is due to different cultures having their own rules regarding what is appropriate to say in different situations. In some cultures, it's polite to look at each other. In other cultures, it's considered rude.

There are many different perspectives of pragmatics, and lots of research is being conducted in the field. The main areas of research are: formal and computational pragmatics; theoretical and experimental pragmatics; intercultural and cross-linguistic pragmatics; pragmatics that are experimental and clinical.

How is Free Pragmatics Similar to Explanatory Pragmatics?

The linguistic discipline of pragmatics is concerned with the way meaning is conveyed through the use of language in a context. It analyzes how the speaker's intentions and beliefs affect the interpretation, and focuses less on grammaral characteristics of the expression instead of what is being said. Linguists who specialize in pragmatics are referred to as pragmaticians. The subject of pragmatics has a connection to other areas of study of linguistics, such as syntax and semantics, or philosophy of language.

In recent times the field of pragmatics has expanded in many directions. These include conversational pragmatics and computational linguistics. There is a variety of research conducted in these areas, addressing topics such as the role of lexical features, the interaction between language and discourse, and the nature of the concept of meaning.

One of the most important issues in the philosophical discussion of pragmatics is whether or not it is possible to have an exhaustive, systematic view of the pragmatics/semantics interface. Some philosophers have argued that it's not (e.g. Morris 1938, Kaplan 1989). Other philosophers have argued that the distinction between pragmatics and semantics is not clear and that semantics and pragmatics are in fact the same thing.

It is not uncommon for scholars to go back and forth between these two views, arguing that certain phenomena fall under either semantics or pragmatics. Some scholars argue that if a statement carries an actual truth conditional meaning, it is semantics. Others believe that the possibility that a statement may be interpreted differently is pragmatics.

Other pragmatics researchers have taken a different approach and argue that the truth-conditional meaning of an expression is only one of many ways in which an expression can be understood, and that all interpretations are valid. This approach is often referred to as "far-side pragmatics".

Recent research in pragmatics has tried to combine the concepts of semantics and far-side in an effort to comprehend the full scope of the possibilities for interpretation of a utterance by modeling how a speaker's beliefs and intentions contribute to the interpretation. For example, Champollion et al. (2019) combine a Gricean game-theoretic model of the Rational Speech Act framework with technological advances from Franke and Bergen (2020). The model predicts that listeners will have to entertain a myriad of exhausted parses of a speech that is a part of the universal FCI Any, and that is the reason why the exclusivity implicature is so strong compared to other plausible implications.