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What is Pragmatics?<br><br>Pragmatics examines the relationship between language and context. It addresses issues such as What do people mean by the terms they use?<br><br>It's a philosophy of practical and reasonable actions. It contrasts with idealism which is the belief that one should stick to their principles no matter what.<br><br>What is Pragmatics?<br><br>The study of pragmatics examines how people who speak a language interact and communicate with each with one another. It is often viewed as a component of language, but it is different from semantics in that it is focused on what the user is trying to communicate, not what the meaning is.<br><br>As a research field, pragmatics is relatively new and research in the area has been expanding rapidly in the last few decades. It is a linguistics-related academic field however, it has also influenced research in other areas like sociolinguistics, psychology and the field of anthropology.<br><br>There are many different views on pragmatics, and they have contributed to its development and growth. One of these is the Gricean pragmatics approach, which focuses primarily on the notions of intention and its interaction with the speaker's knowledge about the listener's comprehension. The lexical and concept strategies for pragmatics are also views on the subject. These views have contributed to the wide range of subjects that pragmatics researchers have investigated.<br><br>The study of pragmatics has covered a broad variety of topics, including pragmatic comprehension in L2 and demand production by EFL students, as well as the importance of the theory of mind in mental and physical metaphors. It can also be applied to social and cultural phenomena, like political discourse, discriminatory language and interpersonal communication. Researchers in pragmatics have used diverse methodologies from experimental to sociocultural.<br><br>The amount of knowledge base in pragmatics differs by database, as shown in Figure 9A-C. The US and the UK are two of the top contributors in research on pragmatics. However, their rank varies depending on the database. This is because pragmatics is a multidisciplinary area that intersects other disciplines.<br><br>It is therefore difficult to determine the top authors in pragmatics solely by the number of publications they have published. It is possible to identify influential authors based on their contributions to pragmatics. For instance Bambini's contribution to the field of pragmatics is a pioneering concept such as conversational implicature and politeness theory. Other highly influential authors in the field of pragmatics include Grice, Saul and Kasper.<br><br>What is Free Pragmatics?<br><br>The study of pragmatics is more concerned with the contexts and users of language as opposed to the study of truth grammar, reference, or. It focuses on the ways in which an expression can be understood as meaning various things depending on the context, including those caused by ambiguity or indexicality. It also focuses on the strategies used by listeners to determine which utterances have a communicative intent. It is closely linked to the theory of conversational implicature pioneered by Paul Grice.<br><br>The boundaries between these two disciplines are a matter of debate. While the distinction between these two disciplines is widely known, 프라그마틱 [https://socialmarkz.com/story8444150/15-amazing-facts-about-pragmatic-free-slots-you-didn-t-know 슬롯] 추천 [[https://baidubookmark.com/story17992732/20-things-you-need-to-know-about-pragmatic-official-website baidubookmark.com]] it isn't always clear where they should be drawn. Some philosophers believe that the notion of meaning of sentences is a part of semantics,  [https://atozbookmark.com/story17971336/check-out-the-pragmatic-free-slots-tricks-that-the-celebs-are-utilizing 프라그마틱 슬롯체험] whereas others insist that this particular issue should be viewed as pragmatic.<br><br>Another controversy concerns whether pragmatics is a part of philosophy of languages or a subset of the study of linguistics. Some researchers have suggested that pragmatics is a discipline in its own right and should be treated as an independent part of the field of linguistics, alongside syntax, phonology semantics and so on. Others, however, have suggested that the study of pragmatics should be viewed as an aspect of philosophy of language since it focuses on the ways in which our concepts of the meaning and use of language affect our theories about how languages function.<br><br>The debate has been fuelled by a handful of issues that are central to the study of pragmatism. For instance, some scholars have argued that pragmatics is not an academic discipline in and of itself because it studies the ways in which people interpret and use language without using any data regarding what is actually being said. This kind of approach is referred to as far-side pragmatics. Some scholars have argued that the subject should be considered a field in its own right because it examines the ways in which the meaning and usage of language is dependent on cultural and social factors. This is referred to as near-side pragmatics.<br><br>Other areas of discussion in pragmatics include the way in which we understand the nature of the interpretation of utterances as an inferential process,  [https://classifylist.com 프라그마틱 슬롯] and the role that primary pragmatic processes play in the determination of what is said by a speaker in a given sentence. These are issues that are more thoroughly discussed in the papers of Recanati and Bach. Both papers address the notions of saturation and free pragmatic enrichment. Both are significant pragmatic processes in that they aid in shaping the meaning of an expression.<br><br>What is the difference between Free Pragmatics and from Explanatory Pragmatics?<br><br>The study of pragmatics focuses on how context affects linguistic meaning. It analyzes how human language is used in social interactions, and the relationship between the speaker and the interpreter. Pragmaticians are linguists who focus on pragmatics.<br><br>Over the years, many theories of pragmatism were developed. Some, like Gricean pragmatics, focus on the intention of communication of speakers. Relevance Theory, for example is a study of the processes of understanding that take place when listeners interpret the meaning of utterances. Some practical approaches have been put together with other disciplines such as philosophy or cognitive science.<br><br>There are also a variety of opinions on the boundary between semantics and pragmatics. Morris is one philosopher who believes that semantics and pragmatism are two different topics. He argues semantics concerns the relationship of signs to objects they could or might not represent, while pragmatics is concerned with the use of words in context.<br><br>Other philosophers, such as Bach and Harnish have argued that pragmatism is a subfield of semantics. They distinguish between 'nearside' and 'far-side' pragmatics. Near-side pragmatics focuses on what is said while far-side is focused on the logical implications of saying something. They claim that some of the 'pragmatics' in the words spoken are already influenced by semantics, while other 'pragmatics' are determined by pragmatic processes of inference.<br><br>The context is among the most important aspects of pragmatics. This means that a single word could have different meanings based on factors like ambiguity or indexicality. Discourse structure, beliefs of the speaker and intentions, as well listener expectations can also change the meaning of a word.<br><br>Another aspect of pragmatics is its particularity in culture. This is due to different cultures having their own rules about what is appropriate to say in various situations. For example, it is polite in some cultures to keep eye contact however it is not acceptable in other cultures.<br><br>There are a variety of views of pragmatics, and a lot of research is being done in this field. Some of the main areas of research are: formal and computational pragmatics; theoretical and experimental pragmatics; cross-cultural and  [https://artybookmarks.com/story17980507/10-factors-to-know-to-know-pragmatic-image-you-didn-t-learn-at-school 프라그마틱 무료체험 메타] intercultural pragmatics; clinical and experimental pragmatics.<br><br>How does free Pragmatics compare to Explanatory Pragmatics?<br><br>The pragmatics discipline is concerned with how meaning is conveyed by the language in a context. It analyzes the way in which the speaker's intentions and beliefs influence interpretation, with less attention paid to grammatical features of the utterance rather than what is said. Linguists who specialize in pragmatics are known as pragmaticians. The topic of pragmatics is connected to other areas of linguistics like syntax, semantics and philosophy of language.<br><br>In recent years, the field of pragmatics expanded in many directions. This includes conversational pragmatics and computational linguistics. There is a broad range of research conducted in these areas, with a focus on topics such as the significance of lexical elements as well as the interaction between discourse and language and the nature of meaning itself.<br><br>In the philosophical discussion of pragmatics one of the most important issues is whether it is possible to give a rigorous and systematic account of the interplay between pragmatics and semantics. Some philosophers have claimed that it's not (e.g. Morris 1938, Kaplan 1989). Other philosophers have suggested that the distinction between semantics and pragmatics is not clear and that semantics and pragmatics are in fact the identical.<br><br>It is not unusual for scholars to debate between these two views, arguing that certain phenomena fall under either pragmatics or semantics. Some scholars believe that if a statement is interpreted with the literal truth conditional meaning, it is semantics. Others contend that the fact that a statement can be interpreted differently is pragmatics.<br><br>Other pragmatics researchers have adopted an alternative approach. They claim that the truth-conditional interpretation of a sentence is just one of the many possible interpretations, and that all interpretations are valid. This is commonly known as far-side pragmatics.<br><br>Recent work in pragmatics has sought to combine both approaches in an effort to comprehend the full range of possibilities of an utterance's interpretation by modeling how a speaker's intentions and beliefs affect the interpretation. For example, Champollion et al. (2019) combine a Gricean game-theoretic model of the Rational Speech Act framework with technological advances from Franke and Bergen (2020). This model predicts listeners will have to entertain a myriad of exhausted parses of an speech utterance that includes the universal FCI Any, and this is the reason why the exclusiveness implicature is so strong in comparison to other possible implications.
What is Pragmatics?<br><br>Pragmatics is the study of the relationship between language, context and meaning. It deals with questions like What do people mean by the words they use?<br><br>It's a philosophy that is focused on the practical and sensible actions. It differs from idealism which is the idea that one must adhere to their principles regardless of what.<br><br>What is Pragmatics?<br><br>Pragmatics is the study of ways that people who speak gain meaning from and each with each other. It is often seen as a part or language, but it differs from semantics since it concentrates on what the user is trying to communicate, not on what the actual meaning is.<br><br>As a research area, pragmatics is relatively young and its research has expanded rapidly over the last few decades. It has been mostly an academic discipline within linguistics, however it also influences research in other fields, such as speech-language pathology, psychology, sociolinguistics, and Anthropology.<br><br>There are many different perspectives on pragmatics, which have contributed to its development and [https://www.google.com.om/url?q=https://telegra.ph/Its-The-Complete-Cheat-Sheet-On-Free-Pragmatic-09-20 프라그마틱 슬롯 조작] 정품확인방법 - [https://bookmarking.stream/story.php?title=what-is-the-reason-pragmatic-ranking-is-the-best-choice-for-you learn the facts here now], growth. One example is the Gricean approach to pragmatics, that focuses on the concept of intention and how it affects the speaker's comprehension of the listener's. Conceptual and lexical perspectives on pragmatics are also views on the subject. These perspectives have contributed to the diversity of topics that researchers in pragmatics have investigated.<br><br>The study of pragmatics has focused on a variety of subjects such as L2 pragmatic understanding, production of requests by EFL learners and the role of the theory of mind in physical and mental metaphors. It has been applied to social and cultural phenomena like political discourse, discriminatory speech, and interpersonal communication. Researchers studying pragmatics have employed a wide range of methodologies from experimental to sociocultural.<br><br>The amount of knowledge base in pragmatics varies according to the database used, as shown in Figure 9A-C. The US and the UK are two of the top performers in the field of pragmatics research. However, their ranking varies depending on the database. This is because pragmatics is multidisciplinary and interspersed with other disciplines.<br><br>It is therefore difficult to determine the top authors in pragmatics solely by the number of their publications. However, it is possible to determine the most influential authors by looking at their contributions to the field of pragmatics. For example Bambini's contribution in pragmatics is a pioneering concept such as conversational implicature, and politeness theory. Other highly influential authors in pragmatics include Grice, Saul and Kasper.<br><br>What is Free Pragmatics?<br><br>The study of pragmatics is more concerned with the contexts and the users of language rather than with truth, reference, or grammar. It examines the ways that an expression can be understood to mean various things depending on the context, including those caused by ambiguity or indexicality. It also focuses primarily on the strategies employed by listeners to determine which utterances have a communicative intent. It is closely connected to the theory of conversational implicature which was developed by Paul Grice.<br><br>While the distinction between semantics and pragmatics is a well-known and established one There is a lot of debate about the precise boundaries of these fields. For instance philosophers have suggested that the concept of sentence's meaning is an aspect of semantics while others have claimed that this sort of thing should be considered as a pragmatic problem.<br><br>Another area of debate is whether the study of pragmatics is to be a linguistics branch or an aspect of philosophy of language. Some researchers have suggested that pragmatics is a subject in its own right and should be treated as an independent part of the field of linguistics, alongside syntax, phonology, semantics, etc. Others, however have argued the study of pragmatics is a component of philosophy because it focuses on how our ideas about meaning and uses of languages influence our theories on how languages function.<br><br>There are several key aspects of the study of pragmatics that have fueled much of this debate. For instance, some scholars have suggested that pragmatics isn't a subject in its own right because it studies the ways that people interpret and use language without being able to provide any information about what actually gets said. This type of approach is referred to as far-side pragmatics. Certain scholars have argued that this field should be considered an academic discipline since it studies the ways that cultural and social influences affect the meaning and usage of language. This is known as near-side pragmatics.<br><br>The field of pragmatics also focuses on the inferential nature and meaning of utterances, as well as the importance of the primary pragmatic processes in determining the meaning of what a speaker is expressing in the sentence. Recanati and Bach discuss these issues in greater detail. Both papers address the notions of saturation and free pragmatic enrichment. These are significant pragmatic processes in that they shape the meaning of an expression.<br><br>How is Free Pragmatics Different from Explanatory Pragmatics?<br><br>Pragmatics is the study of the role that context plays to the meaning of language. It evaluates how human language is used in social interactions, as well as the relationship between the interpreter and the speaker. Pragmaticians are linguists who focus on pragmatics.<br><br>Over the years, many different theories of pragmatism were developed. Some, like Gricean pragmatics focus on the communication intent of the speaker. Relevance Theory, for example is a study of the processes of understanding that occur when listeners interpret the meaning of utterances. Some pragmatic approaches have been incorporated together with other disciplines like cognitive science or philosophy.<br><br>There are also different views about the line between pragmatics and semantics. Some philosophers, such as Morris, believe that pragmatics and semantics are two distinct subjects. He argues semantics concerns the relationship of signs to objects that they might or may not represent, while pragmatics is concerned with the use of words in a context.<br><br>Other philosophers, like Bach and Harnish have also argued that pragmatics is a subfield within semantics. They differentiate between 'near-side' and 'far-side' pragmatics. Near-side pragmatics concerns what is said while far-side focuses on the logic implications of uttering a phrase. They believe that some of the 'pragmatics' of the words spoken are already determined by semantics while the rest is determined by the pragmatic processes of inference.<br><br>The context is one of the most important aspects in pragmatics. This means that the same utterance can mean different things in different contexts, depending on things such as ambiguity and indexicality. Other things that can change the meaning of an utterance include discourse structure, speaker intentions and beliefs, and  [http://www.viewtool.com/bbs/home.php?mod=space&uid=6579282 프라그마틱 정품확인방법] 슬롯 조작 ([http://49.51.81.43/home.php?mod=space&uid=711655 Bookmarking post to a company blog]) the expectations of the listener.<br><br>Another aspect of pragmatics is that it is a matter of culture. It is because every culture has its own rules regarding what is appropriate in various situations. For example, it is polite in some cultures to keep eye contact however it is not acceptable in other cultures.<br><br>There are many different views of pragmatics, and a lot of research is conducted in this field. There are a variety of areas of research, such as formal and computational pragmatics as well as experimental and theoretical pragmatism, intercultural and cross linguistic pragmatics and pragmatics that are experimental and clinical.<br><br>How does Free Pragmatics compare to Explanatory Pragmatics?<br><br>The discipline of pragmatics in linguistics is concerned with the way meaning is conveyed through language use in context. It examines the ways in which the speaker's intention and beliefs influence interpretation, with less attention paid to the grammatical aspects of the speech rather than what is said. Pragmaticians are linguists who focus in pragmatics. The subject of pragmatics is related to other linguistics areas, like syntax, semantics, and the philosophy of language.<br><br>In recent years, the field of pragmatics has developed in several different directions, including computational linguistics, conversational pragmatics, and theoretical pragmatics. There is a wide range of research that is conducted in these areas, with a focus on topics like the importance of lexical features as well as the interaction between discourse and  프라그마틱 정품 확인법 ([http://www.zybls.com/home.php?mod=space&uid=748266 Bookmarking post to a company blog]) language, and the nature of meaning itself.<br><br>One of the major issues in the philosophical discussion of pragmatics is whether it is possible to provide a rigorous, systematic account of the semantics/pragmatics interface. Some philosophers have claimed that it's not (e.g. Morris 1938, Kaplan 1989). Other philosophers have suggested that the distinction between pragmatics and semantics is unclear and that semantics and pragmatics are in fact the identical.<br><br>The debate between these two positions is often a back and forth affair, with scholars arguing that certain events fall under the umbrella of either semantics or pragmatics. For example some scholars believe that if an utterance has a literal truth-conditional meaning then it is semantics, while others believe that the fact that an utterance can be interpreted in a variety of ways is a sign of pragmatics.<br><br>Other researchers in pragmatics have taken an alternative approach. They claim that the truth-conditional interpretation of a statement is just one of the many possible interpretations, and that all interpretations are valid. This approach is often referred to as far-side pragmatics.<br><br>Recent research in pragmatics has tried to integrate semantic and far-side approaches, attempting to capture the full range of possibilities for interpretation of a utterance by describing how a speaker's beliefs and intentions affect the interpretation. For example, Champollion et al. The 2019 version incorporates an Gricean model of the Rational Speech Act framework, and technological advances developed by Franke and  [https://linkvault.win/story.php?title=how-much-do-pragmatic-free-slots-experts-earn 프라그마틱 슬롯 환수율] Bergen. The model predicts that listeners will be able to consider a variety of possible exhaustified parses of an utterance containing the universal FCI any and this is what makes the exclusivity implicature so robust as contrasted to other possible implicatures.

Revision as of 03:31, 11 January 2025

What is Pragmatics?

Pragmatics is the study of the relationship between language, context and meaning. It deals with questions like What do people mean by the words they use?

It's a philosophy that is focused on the practical and sensible actions. It differs from idealism which is the idea that one must adhere to their principles regardless of what.

What is Pragmatics?

Pragmatics is the study of ways that people who speak gain meaning from and each with each other. It is often seen as a part or language, but it differs from semantics since it concentrates on what the user is trying to communicate, not on what the actual meaning is.

As a research area, pragmatics is relatively young and its research has expanded rapidly over the last few decades. It has been mostly an academic discipline within linguistics, however it also influences research in other fields, such as speech-language pathology, psychology, sociolinguistics, and Anthropology.

There are many different perspectives on pragmatics, which have contributed to its development and 프라그마틱 슬롯 조작 정품확인방법 - learn the facts here now, growth. One example is the Gricean approach to pragmatics, that focuses on the concept of intention and how it affects the speaker's comprehension of the listener's. Conceptual and lexical perspectives on pragmatics are also views on the subject. These perspectives have contributed to the diversity of topics that researchers in pragmatics have investigated.

The study of pragmatics has focused on a variety of subjects such as L2 pragmatic understanding, production of requests by EFL learners and the role of the theory of mind in physical and mental metaphors. It has been applied to social and cultural phenomena like political discourse, discriminatory speech, and interpersonal communication. Researchers studying pragmatics have employed a wide range of methodologies from experimental to sociocultural.

The amount of knowledge base in pragmatics varies according to the database used, as shown in Figure 9A-C. The US and the UK are two of the top performers in the field of pragmatics research. However, their ranking varies depending on the database. This is because pragmatics is multidisciplinary and interspersed with other disciplines.

It is therefore difficult to determine the top authors in pragmatics solely by the number of their publications. However, it is possible to determine the most influential authors by looking at their contributions to the field of pragmatics. For example Bambini's contribution in pragmatics is a pioneering concept such as conversational implicature, and politeness theory. Other highly influential authors in pragmatics include Grice, Saul and Kasper.

What is Free Pragmatics?

The study of pragmatics is more concerned with the contexts and the users of language rather than with truth, reference, or grammar. It examines the ways that an expression can be understood to mean various things depending on the context, including those caused by ambiguity or indexicality. It also focuses primarily on the strategies employed by listeners to determine which utterances have a communicative intent. It is closely connected to the theory of conversational implicature which was developed by Paul Grice.

While the distinction between semantics and pragmatics is a well-known and established one There is a lot of debate about the precise boundaries of these fields. For instance philosophers have suggested that the concept of sentence's meaning is an aspect of semantics while others have claimed that this sort of thing should be considered as a pragmatic problem.

Another area of debate is whether the study of pragmatics is to be a linguistics branch or an aspect of philosophy of language. Some researchers have suggested that pragmatics is a subject in its own right and should be treated as an independent part of the field of linguistics, alongside syntax, phonology, semantics, etc. Others, however have argued the study of pragmatics is a component of philosophy because it focuses on how our ideas about meaning and uses of languages influence our theories on how languages function.

There are several key aspects of the study of pragmatics that have fueled much of this debate. For instance, some scholars have suggested that pragmatics isn't a subject in its own right because it studies the ways that people interpret and use language without being able to provide any information about what actually gets said. This type of approach is referred to as far-side pragmatics. Certain scholars have argued that this field should be considered an academic discipline since it studies the ways that cultural and social influences affect the meaning and usage of language. This is known as near-side pragmatics.

The field of pragmatics also focuses on the inferential nature and meaning of utterances, as well as the importance of the primary pragmatic processes in determining the meaning of what a speaker is expressing in the sentence. Recanati and Bach discuss these issues in greater detail. Both papers address the notions of saturation and free pragmatic enrichment. These are significant pragmatic processes in that they shape the meaning of an expression.

How is Free Pragmatics Different from Explanatory Pragmatics?

Pragmatics is the study of the role that context plays to the meaning of language. It evaluates how human language is used in social interactions, as well as the relationship between the interpreter and the speaker. Pragmaticians are linguists who focus on pragmatics.

Over the years, many different theories of pragmatism were developed. Some, like Gricean pragmatics focus on the communication intent of the speaker. Relevance Theory, for example is a study of the processes of understanding that occur when listeners interpret the meaning of utterances. Some pragmatic approaches have been incorporated together with other disciplines like cognitive science or philosophy.

There are also different views about the line between pragmatics and semantics. Some philosophers, such as Morris, believe that pragmatics and semantics are two distinct subjects. He argues semantics concerns the relationship of signs to objects that they might or may not represent, while pragmatics is concerned with the use of words in a context.

Other philosophers, like Bach and Harnish have also argued that pragmatics is a subfield within semantics. They differentiate between 'near-side' and 'far-side' pragmatics. Near-side pragmatics concerns what is said while far-side focuses on the logic implications of uttering a phrase. They believe that some of the 'pragmatics' of the words spoken are already determined by semantics while the rest is determined by the pragmatic processes of inference.

The context is one of the most important aspects in pragmatics. This means that the same utterance can mean different things in different contexts, depending on things such as ambiguity and indexicality. Other things that can change the meaning of an utterance include discourse structure, speaker intentions and beliefs, and 프라그마틱 정품확인방법 슬롯 조작 (Bookmarking post to a company blog) the expectations of the listener.

Another aspect of pragmatics is that it is a matter of culture. It is because every culture has its own rules regarding what is appropriate in various situations. For example, it is polite in some cultures to keep eye contact however it is not acceptable in other cultures.

There are many different views of pragmatics, and a lot of research is conducted in this field. There are a variety of areas of research, such as formal and computational pragmatics as well as experimental and theoretical pragmatism, intercultural and cross linguistic pragmatics and pragmatics that are experimental and clinical.

How does Free Pragmatics compare to Explanatory Pragmatics?

The discipline of pragmatics in linguistics is concerned with the way meaning is conveyed through language use in context. It examines the ways in which the speaker's intention and beliefs influence interpretation, with less attention paid to the grammatical aspects of the speech rather than what is said. Pragmaticians are linguists who focus in pragmatics. The subject of pragmatics is related to other linguistics areas, like syntax, semantics, and the philosophy of language.

In recent years, the field of pragmatics has developed in several different directions, including computational linguistics, conversational pragmatics, and theoretical pragmatics. There is a wide range of research that is conducted in these areas, with a focus on topics like the importance of lexical features as well as the interaction between discourse and 프라그마틱 정품 확인법 (Bookmarking post to a company blog) language, and the nature of meaning itself.

One of the major issues in the philosophical discussion of pragmatics is whether it is possible to provide a rigorous, systematic account of the semantics/pragmatics interface. Some philosophers have claimed that it's not (e.g. Morris 1938, Kaplan 1989). Other philosophers have suggested that the distinction between pragmatics and semantics is unclear and that semantics and pragmatics are in fact the identical.

The debate between these two positions is often a back and forth affair, with scholars arguing that certain events fall under the umbrella of either semantics or pragmatics. For example some scholars believe that if an utterance has a literal truth-conditional meaning then it is semantics, while others believe that the fact that an utterance can be interpreted in a variety of ways is a sign of pragmatics.

Other researchers in pragmatics have taken an alternative approach. They claim that the truth-conditional interpretation of a statement is just one of the many possible interpretations, and that all interpretations are valid. This approach is often referred to as far-side pragmatics.

Recent research in pragmatics has tried to integrate semantic and far-side approaches, attempting to capture the full range of possibilities for interpretation of a utterance by describing how a speaker's beliefs and intentions affect the interpretation. For example, Champollion et al. The 2019 version incorporates an Gricean model of the Rational Speech Act framework, and technological advances developed by Franke and 프라그마틱 슬롯 환수율 Bergen. The model predicts that listeners will be able to consider a variety of possible exhaustified parses of an utterance containing the universal FCI any and this is what makes the exclusivity implicature so robust as contrasted to other possible implicatures.