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What is Pragmatics?<br><br>Pragmatics is the study of the relationship between language, context and meaning. It asks questions like What do people really think when they use words?<br><br>It's a way of thinking that focuses on sensible and practical actions. It's in opposition to idealism, the belief that you must always abide to your convictions.<br><br>What is Pragmatics?<br><br>Pragmatics is the study of the ways in which language users find meaning from and each with each other. It is often thought of as a part of a language, however it differs from semantics since it concentrates on what the user is trying to convey and not what the meaning is.<br><br>As a research area, pragmatics is relatively young and its research has expanded quickly in the past few decades. It is primarily an academic area of study within linguistics, however it also has an impact on research in other fields like speech-language pathology, psychology sociolinguistics, and Anthropology.<br><br>There are a variety of perspectives on pragmatics, which have contributed to its development and growth. For example, one perspective is the Gricean approach to pragmatics which is focused on the concept of intention and how it relates to the speaker's understanding of the listener's. Other perspectives on pragmatics include the lexical and conceptual approaches to pragmatics. These perspectives have contributed to the wide range of topics that researchers in pragmatics have studied.<br><br>The research in pragmatics has been focused on a wide range of subjects such as L2 pragmatic understanding as well as request production by EFL learners, and the role of theory of mind in physical and mental metaphors. It has been applied to social and cultural phenomena like political speech, discriminatory speech, and interpersonal communication. Pragmatics researchers have also used various methods, from experimental to sociocultural.<br><br>The amount of knowledge base in pragmatics is different according to the database used, as shown in Figure 9A-C. The US and the UK are two of the top performers in pragmatics research. However, their ranking differs based on the database. This difference is due to the fact that pragmatics is an interconnected field that is inextricably linked with other disciplines.<br><br>This makes it difficult to rank the top authors of pragmatics by the number of publications they have. However it is possible to determine the most influential authors through analyzing their contributions to the field of pragmatics. For instance Bambini's contribution to the field of pragmatics includes pioneering concepts like conversational implicature and [https://socialbaskets.com/story3772083/a-an-overview-of-pragmatic-free-trial-from-start-to-finish 프라그마틱 슬롯 체험] 무료 슬롯버프 ([https://pr6bookmark.com/story18457311/10-pragmatic-free-trial-meta-hacks-all-experts-recommend pr6Bookmark.com]) politeness theory. Grice, Saul, and Kasper are the most influential authors of the field of pragmatics.<br><br>What is Free Pragmatics?<br><br>The study of pragmatics is focused on the users and contexts of language usage instead of focusing on reference, truth, or grammar. It examines the ways that an phrase can be understood to mean various things depending on the context and also those caused by ambiguity or indexicality. It also focuses on methods that listeners employ to determine whether phrases are intended to be a communication. It is closely connected to the theory of conversative implicature, which was pioneered by Paul Grice.<br><br>While the distinction between pragmatics and semantics is a well-known and long-established one There is a lot of debate about the precise boundaries of these fields. For instance philosophers have suggested that the concept of sentence's meaning is an aspect of semantics, while others have claimed that this sort of thing should be viewed as a pragmatic problem.<br><br>Another area of debate is whether the study of pragmatics should be considered an linguistics-related branch or as a component of philosophy of language. Some researchers have suggested that pragmatics is an independent field and should be treated as part of linguistics, along with phonology. syntax, semantics etc. Others have claimed that the study of pragmatics should be viewed as an aspect of philosophy of language since it examines the ways that our ideas about the meanings and functions of language influence our theories of how languages work.<br><br>This debate has been fueled by a number of key issues that are fundamental to the study of pragmatism. Some scholars have suggested, for example, that pragmatics isn't a discipline in its own right because it studies how people perceive and use the language without necessarily referring to the facts about what actually was said. This type of approach is referred to as far-side pragmatics. Some scholars, however have argued that this field ought to be considered a discipline of its own because it studies how cultural and social influences influence the meaning and usage of language. This is known as near-side pragmatics.<br><br>Other topics of discussion in pragmatics include the manner we think about the nature of the interpretation of utterances as an inferential process and [https://socialwebconsult.com/story3635033/an-pragmatic-site-success-story-you-ll-never-be-able-to 프라그마틱 슬롯 무료] the importance that primary pragmatic processes play in the analysis of what is being spoken by a speaker in a given sentence. Recanati and Bach examine these issues in more detail. Both papers explore the notions the concept of saturation and free pragmatic enrichment. These are important pragmatic processes that influence the meaning of an utterance.<br><br>What is the difference between free and explanatory Pragmatics?<br><br>Pragmatics is the study of how context contributes to linguistic meaning. It analyzes how human language is utilized in social interactions, and the relationship between the interpreter and the speaker. Pragmaticians are linguists who focus in pragmatics.<br><br>Over the years, many different theories of pragmatism have been proposed. Some, such as Gricean pragmatics, [https://indexedbookmarks.com/story18251790/what-is-pragmatic-experience-and-why-is-everyone-talking-about-it 프라그마틱 슬롯 사이트] focus on the communication intent of speakers. Relevance Theory for instance, focuses on the processes of understanding that occur when listeners interpret utterances. Some approaches to pragmatics have been merged with other disciplines, like cognitive science and philosophy.<br><br>There are also a variety of views on the borderline of pragmatics and semantics. Some philosophers, like Morris believes that semantics and pragmatics are two separate topics. He argues semantics concerns the relationship between signs and objects they may or may not represent, while pragmatics is concerned with the use of words in the context.<br><br>Other philosophers, including Bach and Harnish, have argued that pragmatics is a field that is part of semantics. They differentiate between 'near-side' and 'far-side' pragmatics. Near-side pragmatics focuses on what is said, whereas far-side focuses on the logical implications of uttering a phrase. They argue that a portion of the 'pragmatics' in an utterance is already determined by semantics, while other 'pragmatics' is determined by the pragmatic processes of inference.<br><br>One of the most important aspects of pragmatics is that it is contextually dependent. This means that the same utterance could have different meanings in different contexts, based on factors such as ambiguity and indexicality. Other elements that can alter the meaning of an utterance include the structure of the discourse, speaker intentions and beliefs, and the expectations of the listener.<br><br>Another aspect of pragmatics is that it is culture-specific. This is because each culture has its own rules for what is appropriate in various situations. In certain cultures, [https://listingbookmarks.com/story18376709/15-trends-to-watch-in-the-new-year-pragmatic-genuine 프라그마틱 홈페이지] it's polite to make eye contact. In other cultures, it's considered rude.<br><br>There are many different perspectives on pragmatics and much research is being conducted in this area. There are many different areas of study, including computational and formal pragmatics theoretic and experimental pragmatics, intercultural and cross pragmatics of language, as well as clinical and experimentative pragmatics.<br><br>How is free Pragmatics similar to Explanatory Pragmatics?<br><br>The discipline of pragmatics in linguistics is concerned with how meaning is conveyed through the use of language in a context. It evaluates the way in which the speaker's intentions and beliefs influence interpretation, and focuses less on grammaral characteristics of the expression instead of what is being said. Linguists who specialize in pragmatics are referred to as pragmaticians. The topic of pragmatics is linked to other areas of study of linguistics like syntax and semantics, or the philosophy of language.<br><br>In recent times the field of pragmatics evolved in a variety of directions. These include computational linguistics as well as conversational pragmatics. There is a broad range of research that is conducted in these areas, [https://bookmarkshome.com/ 프라그마틱 슬롯 조작] with a focus on topics such as the role of lexical features and the interaction between language and discourse and the nature of meaning itself.<br><br>In the philosophical debate about pragmatism one of the most important questions is whether it's possible to give a rigorous and systematic explanation of the interplay between semantics and pragmatics. Some philosophers have argued that it isn't (e.g. Morris 1938, Kaplan 1989). Other philosophers have argued the distinction between pragmatics and semantics is not clear and that they're the same thing.<br><br>It is not unusual for scholars to argue between these two views, arguing that certain phenomena are either pragmatics or semantics. For example some scholars believe that if a statement has an actual truth-conditional meaning, then it is semantics, whereas other argue that the fact that an utterance may be interpreted in various ways is pragmatics.<br><br>Other researchers in the field of pragmatics have taken a different approach and argue that the truth-conditional meaning of an expression is only one among many ways in which the utterance may be interpreted, and that all of these ways are valid. This is commonly referred to as far-side pragmatics.<br><br>Recent research in pragmatics has sought to integrate semantic and far side methods. It attempts to represent the full range of interpretational possibilities for a speaker's utterance, by modeling the way in which the speaker's beliefs and intentions affect the interpretation. For example, Champollion et al. The 2019 version incorporates a Gricean model of the Rational Speech Act framework, with technological innovations created by Franke and Bergen. The model predicts that listeners will have to entertain a myriad of exhausted parses of a speech that is a part of the universal FCI Any. This is why the exclusiveness implicature is so reliable compared to other plausible implications.
What is Pragmatics?<br><br>Pragmatics is a study of the relationship between context and language. It deals with questions like what do people mean by the terms they use?<br><br>It's a philosophies of practical and reasonable actions. It is in contrast to idealism, which is the belief that one should stick to their beliefs no matter what.<br><br>What is Pragmatics?<br><br>Pragmatics is the study of ways that language users gain meaning from and each with each other. It is typically thought of as a component of language, although it differs from semantics because pragmatics studies what the user wants to convey, not what the actual meaning is.<br><br>As a research area it is comparatively new and its research has grown rapidly over the past few decades. It has been mostly an academic discipline within linguistics, however it also has an impact on research in other fields, such as speech-language pathology, psychology sociolinguistics, and anthropology.<br><br>There are a myriad of approaches to pragmatics that have contributed to the growth and development of this field. One of these is the Gricean pragmatics approach, which is based primarily on the notion of intention and their interaction with the speaker's understanding of the listener's understanding. The lexical and concept perspectives on pragmatics are also perspectives on the topic. These views have contributed to the diversity of subjects that pragmatics researchers have researched.<br><br>The study of pragmatics has covered a broad range topics, such as pragmatic understanding in L2 and request production by EFL students, and the role of the theory of mind in physical and mental metaphors. It has been applied to social and cultural phenomena such as political discourse, discriminatory speech, and interpersonal communication. Pragmatics researchers also have employed various methods, from experimental to sociocultural.<br><br>Figure 9A-C shows that the size of the knowledge base for pragmatics differs depending on the database used. The US and UK are two of the top contributors in pragmatics research. However, their position varies depending on the database. This is due to the fact that pragmatics is a multidisciplinary field that intersects with other disciplines.<br><br>This makes it difficult to classify the top pragmatics authors by the number of publications they have. It is possible to identify influential authors by looking at their contributions to pragmatics. For example Bambini's contribution to the field of pragmatics has led to concepts like conversational implicature and politeness theory. Grice, Saul, and Kasper are also influential authors of the field of pragmatics.<br><br>What is Free Pragmatics?<br><br>The study of pragmatics is focused on the contexts and users of language usage, rather than on reference grammar, [https://www.google.com.ai/url?q=https://click4r.com/posts/g/17905379/15-undeniable-reasons-to-love-pragmatic-site 프라그마틱 플레이] truth, or. It studies the ways in which one expression can be understood to mean different things from different contexts as well as those triggered by ambiguity or indexicality. It also focuses on the strategies that hearers use to determine which utterances are intended to be a communication. It is closely related to the theory of conversational implicature developed by Paul Grice.<br><br>The boundaries between these two disciplines is a matter of debate. While the distinction between these two disciplines is well-known, it is not always clear how they should be drawn. Some philosophers believe that the concept of sentence meaning is a component of semantics, while others claim that this type of problem should be treated as pragmatic.<br><br>Another area of debate is whether the study of pragmatics should be regarded as an linguistics-related branch or an aspect of philosophy of language. Some researchers have argued that pragmatics is a field in its own right and that it should be considered distinct from the field of linguistics along with syntax,  [https://images.google.cg/url?q=https://albrektsen-cruz.hubstack.net/the-slot-awards-the-most-stunning-funniest-and-strangest-things-weve-ever-seen 프라그마틱 데모] phonology, semantics and so on. Others have suggested that the study of pragmatics should be viewed as an aspect of philosophy of language since it examines the ways that our ideas about the meaning and uses of language affect our theories of how languages work.<br><br>This debate has been fueled by a handful of issues that are central to the study of pragmatics. For example, some scholars have suggested that pragmatics isn't an academic discipline in its own right because it studies the ways in which people interpret and use language, without using any data regarding what is actually being said. This kind of method is known as far-side pragmatics. Some scholars have argued that this study should be considered a field in its own right, since it examines the manner in which the meaning and usage of language is dependent on cultural and social factors. This is known as near-side pragmatics.<br><br>Other areas of discussion in pragmatics are the ways we perceive the nature of the utterance interpretation process as an inferential process and the role that primary pragmatic processes play in the determination of what is being said by the speaker in a particular sentence. These are issues that are more thoroughly discussed in the papers written by Recanati and Bach. Both papers discuss the notions the concept of saturation and free enrichment in the context of a pragmatic. These are crucial processes that influence the meaning of utterances.<br><br>What is the difference between free and explanatory Pragmatics?<br><br>The study of pragmatics is how context affects linguistic meaning. It examines how language is used in social interactions, as well as the relationship between the speaker and the interpreter. Linguists who specialize in pragmatics are called pragmaticians.<br><br>Different theories of pragmatics have been developed over the years. Some, like Gricean pragmatics, focus on the communication intention of the speaker. Relevance Theory for instance is a study of the processes of understanding that occur when listeners interpret utterances. Some pragmatics theories are merged with other disciplines, including cognitive science and philosophy.<br><br>There are also a variety of opinions on the boundary between semantics and pragmatics. Morris is one philosopher who believes that semantics and pragmatism are two distinct topics. He claims semantics concerns the relationship between signs and objects they may or may not represent, while pragmatics is concerned with the use of words in the context.<br><br>Other philosophers, including Bach and Harnish have also argued that pragmatics is a field that is part of semantics. They distinguish between 'near-side and 'far-side' pragmatism. Near-side pragmatics is concerned with what is said, whereas far-side focuses on the logical implications of a statement. They believe that a portion of the 'pragmatics' that accompany an utterance is already determined by semantics, while the rest is defined by the processes of inference.<br><br>The context is among the most important aspects in pragmatics. This means that a single utterance can have different meanings based on the context, such as indexicality or ambiguity. Discourse structure, beliefs of the speaker and intentions, as well as listener expectations can also change the meaning of a word.<br><br>Another aspect of pragmatics is that it is a matter of culture. It is because each culture has its own rules regarding what is acceptable in various situations. For [https://atomcraft.ru/user/vacuumradish09/ 프라그마틱 정품] [https://www.google.pn/url?q=https://anotepad.com/notes/fxmwcwnb 프라그마틱 게임] ([https://humanlove.stream/wiki/Is_Pragmatic_Return_Rate_As_Important_As_Everyone_Says humanlove.stream]) example, it is polite in some cultures to make eye contact however it is not acceptable in other cultures.<br><br>There are many different perspectives on pragmatics, and a lot of research is being conducted in this field. Some of the main areas of research are computational and formal pragmatics; theoretical and experimental pragmatics; intercultural and cross-linguistic pragmatics; as well as clinical and experimental pragmatics.<br><br>What is the relationship between free Pragmatics and to explanatory Pragmatics?<br><br>The linguistic discipline of pragmatics is concerned with how meaning is conveyed by the use of language in a context. It evaluates the ways in which the speaker's intention and beliefs affect the interpretation, focusing less on the grammatical aspects of the speech rather than what is said. Pragmaticians are linguists who specialize in pragmatics. The topic of pragmatics is linked to other areas of the study of linguistics, such as syntax and semantics, or the philosophy of language.<br><br>In recent years, the field of pragmatics has grown in various directions such as computational linguistics pragmatics of conversation, and theoretic pragmatics. There is a broad range of research that is conducted in these areas, addressing topics like the importance of lexical features as well as the interaction between discourse and language and the nature of the concept of meaning.<br><br>In the philosophical debate on pragmatism one of the most important questions is whether it's possible to give a rigorous and systematic analysis of the relationship between semantics and pragmatics. Some philosophers have claimed that it is not (e.g. Morris 1938, Kaplan 1989). Other philosophers have argued the distinction between semantics and pragmatics is not clear and that they're the same.<br><br>It is not unusual for scholars to debate between these two perspectives and argue that certain events are either semantics or pragmatics. For example, some scholars argue that if a statement has an actual truth-conditional meaning, then it is semantics, while other argue that the fact that an expression can be interpreted in a variety of ways is pragmatics.<br><br>Other pragmatics researchers have taken a different view and argue that the truth-conditional meaning of an utterance is only one of many ways that the word can be interpreted, and that all of these interpretations are valid. This method is often referred to as far-side pragmatics.<br><br>Some recent work in pragmatics has sought to integrate semantic and far-side approaches, attempting to capture the entire range of possibilities for interpretation of a utterance by describing how a speaker's beliefs and intentions influence the interpretation. For example,  [https://heavenarticle.com/author/robinquill2-882470/ 프라그마틱 정품 사이트] Champollion et al. The 2019 version incorporates an inverse Gricean model of Rational Speech Act framework, and technological advances developed by Franke and Bergen. The model predicts that listeners will have to entertain a myriad of exhausted parses of an speech utterance that includes the universal FCI Any, and that is the reason why the exclusivity implicature is so strong compared to other plausible implications.

Revision as of 16:04, 13 January 2025

What is Pragmatics?

Pragmatics is a study of the relationship between context and language. It deals with questions like what do people mean by the terms they use?

It's a philosophies of practical and reasonable actions. It is in contrast to idealism, which is the belief that one should stick to their beliefs no matter what.

What is Pragmatics?

Pragmatics is the study of ways that language users gain meaning from and each with each other. It is typically thought of as a component of language, although it differs from semantics because pragmatics studies what the user wants to convey, not what the actual meaning is.

As a research area it is comparatively new and its research has grown rapidly over the past few decades. It has been mostly an academic discipline within linguistics, however it also has an impact on research in other fields, such as speech-language pathology, psychology sociolinguistics, and anthropology.

There are a myriad of approaches to pragmatics that have contributed to the growth and development of this field. One of these is the Gricean pragmatics approach, which is based primarily on the notion of intention and their interaction with the speaker's understanding of the listener's understanding. The lexical and concept perspectives on pragmatics are also perspectives on the topic. These views have contributed to the diversity of subjects that pragmatics researchers have researched.

The study of pragmatics has covered a broad range topics, such as pragmatic understanding in L2 and request production by EFL students, and the role of the theory of mind in physical and mental metaphors. It has been applied to social and cultural phenomena such as political discourse, discriminatory speech, and interpersonal communication. Pragmatics researchers also have employed various methods, from experimental to sociocultural.

Figure 9A-C shows that the size of the knowledge base for pragmatics differs depending on the database used. The US and UK are two of the top contributors in pragmatics research. However, their position varies depending on the database. This is due to the fact that pragmatics is a multidisciplinary field that intersects with other disciplines.

This makes it difficult to classify the top pragmatics authors by the number of publications they have. It is possible to identify influential authors by looking at their contributions to pragmatics. For example Bambini's contribution to the field of pragmatics has led to concepts like conversational implicature and politeness theory. Grice, Saul, and Kasper are also influential authors of the field of pragmatics.

What is Free Pragmatics?

The study of pragmatics is focused on the contexts and users of language usage, rather than on reference grammar, 프라그마틱 플레이 truth, or. It studies the ways in which one expression can be understood to mean different things from different contexts as well as those triggered by ambiguity or indexicality. It also focuses on the strategies that hearers use to determine which utterances are intended to be a communication. It is closely related to the theory of conversational implicature developed by Paul Grice.

The boundaries between these two disciplines is a matter of debate. While the distinction between these two disciplines is well-known, it is not always clear how they should be drawn. Some philosophers believe that the concept of sentence meaning is a component of semantics, while others claim that this type of problem should be treated as pragmatic.

Another area of debate is whether the study of pragmatics should be regarded as an linguistics-related branch or an aspect of philosophy of language. Some researchers have argued that pragmatics is a field in its own right and that it should be considered distinct from the field of linguistics along with syntax, 프라그마틱 데모 phonology, semantics and so on. Others have suggested that the study of pragmatics should be viewed as an aspect of philosophy of language since it examines the ways that our ideas about the meaning and uses of language affect our theories of how languages work.

This debate has been fueled by a handful of issues that are central to the study of pragmatics. For example, some scholars have suggested that pragmatics isn't an academic discipline in its own right because it studies the ways in which people interpret and use language, without using any data regarding what is actually being said. This kind of method is known as far-side pragmatics. Some scholars have argued that this study should be considered a field in its own right, since it examines the manner in which the meaning and usage of language is dependent on cultural and social factors. This is known as near-side pragmatics.

Other areas of discussion in pragmatics are the ways we perceive the nature of the utterance interpretation process as an inferential process and the role that primary pragmatic processes play in the determination of what is being said by the speaker in a particular sentence. These are issues that are more thoroughly discussed in the papers written by Recanati and Bach. Both papers discuss the notions the concept of saturation and free enrichment in the context of a pragmatic. These are crucial processes that influence the meaning of utterances.

What is the difference between free and explanatory Pragmatics?

The study of pragmatics is how context affects linguistic meaning. It examines how language is used in social interactions, as well as the relationship between the speaker and the interpreter. Linguists who specialize in pragmatics are called pragmaticians.

Different theories of pragmatics have been developed over the years. Some, like Gricean pragmatics, focus on the communication intention of the speaker. Relevance Theory for instance is a study of the processes of understanding that occur when listeners interpret utterances. Some pragmatics theories are merged with other disciplines, including cognitive science and philosophy.

There are also a variety of opinions on the boundary between semantics and pragmatics. Morris is one philosopher who believes that semantics and pragmatism are two distinct topics. He claims semantics concerns the relationship between signs and objects they may or may not represent, while pragmatics is concerned with the use of words in the context.

Other philosophers, including Bach and Harnish have also argued that pragmatics is a field that is part of semantics. They distinguish between 'near-side and 'far-side' pragmatism. Near-side pragmatics is concerned with what is said, whereas far-side focuses on the logical implications of a statement. They believe that a portion of the 'pragmatics' that accompany an utterance is already determined by semantics, while the rest is defined by the processes of inference.

The context is among the most important aspects in pragmatics. This means that a single utterance can have different meanings based on the context, such as indexicality or ambiguity. Discourse structure, beliefs of the speaker and intentions, as well as listener expectations can also change the meaning of a word.

Another aspect of pragmatics is that it is a matter of culture. It is because each culture has its own rules regarding what is acceptable in various situations. For 프라그마틱 정품 프라그마틱 게임 (humanlove.stream) example, it is polite in some cultures to make eye contact however it is not acceptable in other cultures.

There are many different perspectives on pragmatics, and a lot of research is being conducted in this field. Some of the main areas of research are computational and formal pragmatics; theoretical and experimental pragmatics; intercultural and cross-linguistic pragmatics; as well as clinical and experimental pragmatics.

What is the relationship between free Pragmatics and to explanatory Pragmatics?

The linguistic discipline of pragmatics is concerned with how meaning is conveyed by the use of language in a context. It evaluates the ways in which the speaker's intention and beliefs affect the interpretation, focusing less on the grammatical aspects of the speech rather than what is said. Pragmaticians are linguists who specialize in pragmatics. The topic of pragmatics is linked to other areas of the study of linguistics, such as syntax and semantics, or the philosophy of language.

In recent years, the field of pragmatics has grown in various directions such as computational linguistics pragmatics of conversation, and theoretic pragmatics. There is a broad range of research that is conducted in these areas, addressing topics like the importance of lexical features as well as the interaction between discourse and language and the nature of the concept of meaning.

In the philosophical debate on pragmatism one of the most important questions is whether it's possible to give a rigorous and systematic analysis of the relationship between semantics and pragmatics. Some philosophers have claimed that it is not (e.g. Morris 1938, Kaplan 1989). Other philosophers have argued the distinction between semantics and pragmatics is not clear and that they're the same.

It is not unusual for scholars to debate between these two perspectives and argue that certain events are either semantics or pragmatics. For example, some scholars argue that if a statement has an actual truth-conditional meaning, then it is semantics, while other argue that the fact that an expression can be interpreted in a variety of ways is pragmatics.

Other pragmatics researchers have taken a different view and argue that the truth-conditional meaning of an utterance is only one of many ways that the word can be interpreted, and that all of these interpretations are valid. This method is often referred to as far-side pragmatics.

Some recent work in pragmatics has sought to integrate semantic and far-side approaches, attempting to capture the entire range of possibilities for interpretation of a utterance by describing how a speaker's beliefs and intentions influence the interpretation. For example, 프라그마틱 정품 사이트 Champollion et al. The 2019 version incorporates an inverse Gricean model of Rational Speech Act framework, and technological advances developed by Franke and Bergen. The model predicts that listeners will have to entertain a myriad of exhausted parses of an speech utterance that includes the universal FCI Any, and that is the reason why the exclusivity implicature is so strong compared to other plausible implications.