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What is Pragmatics?<br><br>Pragmatics is the study of the relationship between language, context and meaning. It deals with questions such as: What do people mean by the terms they use?<br><br>It's a philosophy that focuses on the practical and sensible actions. It's in opposition to idealism, which is the belief that you must abide to your beliefs.<br><br>What is Pragmatics?<br><br>The study of pragmatics focuses on the way that language users interact and communicate with one and with each other. It is often viewed as a part of a language, however it differs from semantics since it focuses on what the user is trying to convey and not what the actual meaning is.<br><br>As a research field it is still young and its research has grown rapidly in the last few decades. It has been primarily an academic discipline within linguistics but it also influences research in other fields like speech-language pathology, psychology, sociolinguistics, and anthropology.<br><br>There are a myriad of ways to approach pragmatics that have contributed to the development and [https://fakenews.win/wiki/Say_Yes_To_These_5_Pragmatic_Free_Trial_Meta_Tips 프라그마틱 슬롯 사이트] growth of this discipline. One perspective is the Gricean pragmatics approach, which is based primarily on the notions of intention and the interaction with the speaker's knowledge about the listener's comprehension. Other perspectives on pragmatics include conceptual and lexical approaches to pragmatics. These perspectives have contributed to the wide range of subjects that researchers studying pragmatics have investigated.<br><br>The study of pragmatics has focused on a broad range of topics that include L2 pragmatic comprehension and request production by EFL learners, and the role of theory of mind in both mental and physical metaphors. It can also be applied to various social and cultural phenomena, such as political discourse, discriminatory language, and interpersonal communication. Pragmatics researchers have also employed various methods, from experimental to sociocultural.<br><br>Figure 9A-C demonstrates that the size of the knowledge base for pragmatics varies depending on which database is used. The US and the UK are among the top researchers in pragmatics research, yet their ranking varies by database. This is due to the fact that pragmatics is an interconnected field that is inextricably linked with other disciplines.<br><br>This makes it difficult to classify the top authors in pragmatics by their number of publications alone. It is possible to determine influential authors based on their contributions to pragmatics. Bambini, for example, has contributed to pragmatics by introducing concepts like politeness theories and conversational implicititure. Other highly influential authors in pragmatics include Grice, Saul and Kasper.<br><br>What is Free Pragmatics?<br><br>The study of pragmatics is more concerned with the contexts and language users rather than with truth or [https://debtorsalad8.bravejournal.net/10-quick-tips-about-pragmatic-korea 무료슬롯 프라그마틱] reference, or grammar. It focuses on how one phrase can be interpreted differently in different contexts. This includes ambiguity as well as indexicality. It also focuses primarily on the strategies employed by listeners to determine which words have a meaning that is communicative. It is closely related to the theory of conversational implicature which was developed by Paul Grice.<br><br>The boundaries between these two disciplines are a matter of debate. While the distinction between these two disciplines is widely known, it isn't always clear where they should be drawn. For example philosophers have suggested that the notion of a sentence's meaning is a part of semantics while others have argued that this kind of thing should be considered as a pragmatic problem.<br><br>Another debate is whether pragmatics is a part of philosophy of languages or a part of the study of the study of linguistics. Some researchers have argued pragmatics is an independent field and should be treated as part of linguistics, along with phonology. Syntax, semantics, etc. Others have argued that the study of pragmatics is a component of philosophy since it examines how our notions of meaning and uses of languages influence our theories about how languages function.<br><br>This debate has been fueled by a few key questions that are essential to the study of pragmatism. Some scholars have argued, for example, that pragmatics isn't a subject in its own right because it studies how people interpret and use the language without necessarily referring back to actual facts about what was said. This kind of method is known as far-side pragmatics. Certain scholars have argued that this field ought to be considered an academic discipline because it examines how cultural and [https://moparwiki.win/wiki/Post:Quiz_How_Much_Do_You_Know_About_Pragmatic_Genuine 프라그마틱 슬롯 체험] social influences affect the meaning and usage of language. This is known as near-side pragmatics.<br><br>Other topics of discussion in pragmatics are the ways we perceive the nature of utterance interpretation as an inferential process and the importance that primary pragmatic processes play in the determining of what is being spoken by the speaker in a particular sentence. These are the issues more thoroughly discussed in the papers written by Recanati and Bach. Both of these papers discuss the notions of saturation as well as free pragmatic enrichment, which are crucial pragmatic processes in the sense that they help to shape the overall meaning of an utterance.<br><br>What is the difference between Free Pragmatics and from Explanatory Pragmatics?<br><br>Pragmatics is the study of the role that context plays to the meaning of a language. It analyzes how human language is used in social interaction, and the relationship between the speaker and the interpreter. Pragmaticians are linguists that focus in pragmatics.<br><br>Over the years, many different theories of pragmatism have been proposed. Some, such as Gricean pragmatics, focus on the intention of communication of a speaker. Others, such as Relevance Theory, focus on the understanding processes that occur during the interpretation of words by listeners. Some approaches to pragmatics are merged with other disciplines, such as philosophy and cognitive science.<br><br>There are also different views regarding the boundary between semantics and pragmatics. Morris is one philosopher who believes that semantics and pragmatism are two different topics. He asserts that semantics is concerned with the relationship between signs and objects they may or may not denote whereas pragmatics is concerned with the use of words in the context.<br><br>Other philosophers, such as Bach and Harnish, have argued that pragmatics is a subfield of semantics. They distinguish between 'nearside and 'far-side' pragmatism. Near-side pragmatics concentrates on what is said, whereas far-side pragmatics concentrates on the logical implications of saying something. They claim that some of the 'pragmatics' in the words spoken are already determined by semantics, while other 'pragmatics' is determined by pragmatic processes of inference.<br><br>The context is among the most important aspects in pragmatics. This means that a single word could have different meanings based on factors such as ambiguity or indexicality. Other elements that can alter the meaning of an expression are the structure of the speech, the speaker's intentions and beliefs, as well as the expectations of the listener.<br><br>A second aspect of pragmatics is its cultural specificity. This is because each culture has its own rules regarding what is acceptable in various situations. For instance, it's acceptable in certain cultures to keep eye contact but it is considered rude in other cultures.<br><br>There are various perspectives on pragmatics and lots of research is being conducted in this field. There are a variety of areas of study, including pragmatics that are computational and formal theoretic and experimental pragmatism, intercultural and cross linguistic pragmatics and pragmatics in the clinical and experimental sense.<br><br>What is the relationship between free Pragmatics and to explanation Pragmatics?<br><br>The linguistic discipline of pragmatics is concerned with how meaning is conveyed through the use of language in context. It focuses less on the grammatical structure of an utterance and more on what the speaker is saying. Pragmaticians are linguists who specialize on pragmatics. The topic of pragmatics is related to other areas of linguistics, such as syntax, semantics, and the philosophy of language.<br><br>In recent years, the field of pragmatics has developed in several different directions that include computational linguistics, conversational pragmatics, and theoretical pragmatics. There is a wide range of research conducted in these areas, which address issues such as the significance of lexical elements, the interaction between language and discourse, and the nature of meaning itself.<br><br>In the philosophical debate about pragmatics one of the most important questions is whether it is possible to give a rigorous and systematic account of the interplay between pragmatics and semantics. Some philosophers have claimed it isn't (e.g. Morris 1938, Kaplan 1989). Other philosophers have claimed that the distinction between semantics and pragmatics is ill-defined and that semantics and pragmatics are really the same thing.<br><br>It is not uncommon for scholars to argue back and forth between these two perspectives, arguing that certain phenomena fall under either semantics or pragmatics. For instance certain scholars argue that if an expression has an actual truth-conditional meaning, then it is semantics, while others argue that the fact that an expression can be interpreted in a variety of ways is pragmatics.<br><br>Other researchers in the field of pragmatics have taken a different view and argue that the truth-conditional meaning a utterance has is just one of the many ways that the word can be interpreted and that all of these ways are valid. This method is sometimes called "far-side pragmatics".<br><br>Recent research in pragmatics has attempted to combine semantic and far side approaches. It tries to capture the full range of interpretational possibilities that a speaker's speech can offer by illustrating the way in which the speaker's beliefs and intentions contribute to the interpretation. For example, [https://menwiki.men/wiki/Enough_Already_15_Things_About_How_To_Check_The_Authenticity_Of_Pragmatic_Were_Tired_Of_Hearing 프라그마틱 정품 사이트] Champollion et al. (2019) combine an Gricean game-theoretic model of the Rational Speech Act framework with technological advances from Franke and Bergen (2020). The model predicts that listeners will be able to consider a variety of possible exhaustified interpretations of a utterance that contains the universal FCI any, and that this is what makes the exclusivity implicature so robust as contrasted to other possible implicatures.
What is Pragmatics?<br><br>Pragmatics is the study of the connection between context, language and meaning. It addresses questions such as: What do people really think when they use words?<br><br>It's a philosophy that is focused on sensible and practical actions. It's in contrast to idealism, which is the belief that you must always abide to your beliefs.<br><br>What is Pragmatics?<br><br>Pragmatics is the study of the ways in which language users find meaning from and each with each other. It is usually thought of as a component of language, although it differs from semantics in that pragmatics studies what the user is trying to convey rather than what the actual meaning is.<br><br>As a field of research the field of pragmatics is still relatively new and its research has expanded quickly in the past few decades. It is primarily an academic discipline within linguistics,  [https://ai-db.science/wiki/You_Are_Responsible_For_A_Pragmatic_Free_Slots_Budget_12_Ways_To_Spend_Your_Money 무료 프라그마틱] however it also influences research in other fields, such as speech-language pathology, psychology, sociolinguistics and anthropology.<br><br>There are a variety of ways to approach pragmatics that have contributed to the growth and development of this discipline. For example, [https://championsleage.review/wiki/An_Intermediate_Guide_Towards_Pragmatic_Free 프라그마틱 플레이] one perspective is the Gricean approach to pragmatics which focuses on the notion of intention and how it relates to the speaker's comprehension of the listener's. The lexical and concept strategies for pragmatics are also views on the subject. These perspectives have contributed to the wide range of topics that pragmatics researchers have investigated.<br><br>The research in pragmatics has focused on a variety of topics that include L2 pragmatic comprehension, production of requests by EFL learners, and the role of theory of mind in physical and mental metaphors. It has been applied to cultural and social phenomena such as political discourse, discriminatory speech and interpersonal communication. Researchers in pragmatics have used various methods from experimental to sociocultural.<br><br>The amount of knowledge base in pragmatics varies by database, as shown in Figure 9A-C. The US and the UK are among the top contributors to pragmatics research, yet their ranking varies by database. This is due to pragmatics being a multidisciplinary area that intersects other disciplines.<br><br>This makes it difficult to classify the top pragmatics authors based on the number of publications they have. However, it is possible to identify the most influential authors through analyzing their contributions to the field of pragmatics. For instance, Bambini's contribution to pragmatics is a pioneering concept like conversational implicature and politeness theory. Grice, Saul, and Kasper are the most influential authors of the field of pragmatics.<br><br>What is Free Pragmatics?<br><br>The study of pragmatics is more concerned with the contexts and the users of language than it is with truth grammar, reference, or. It studies the ways in which an utterance can be understood as meaning different things in different contexts and also those caused by ambiguity or indexicality. It also focuses primarily on the strategies employed by listeners to determine if words have a meaning that is communicative. It is closely connected to the theory of conversative implicature which was pioneered by Paul Grice.<br><br>While the distinction between pragmatics and semantics is a well-known and established one There is a lot of debate about the precise boundaries of these fields. Some philosophers believe that the notion of meaning of sentences is a component of semantics, whereas others claim that this type of problem should be treated as pragmatic.<br><br>Another area of debate is whether the study of pragmatics should be considered an linguistics-related branch or an aspect of philosophy of language. Some researchers have suggested that pragmatics is an independent field and should be considered a part of linguistics alongside the study of phonology. syntax, semantics, etc. Others have claimed that the study of pragmatics should be considered an aspect of philosophy of language because it focuses on the ways that our beliefs about the meaning and uses of language influence our theories of how languages work.<br><br>There are a few major  [https://fkwiki.win/wiki/Post:Pragmatic_Ranking_Tips_From_The_Top_In_The_Industry 프라그마틱 슬롯무료] 홈페이지 ([https://buus-kjer.mdwrite.net/guide-to-pragmatic-free-slots-in-2024-guide-to-pragmatic-free-slots-in-2024/ buus-kjer.mdwrite.Net]) issues that arise in the study of pragmatics that have fueled much of this debate. For instance, some scholars have argued that pragmatics is not an academic discipline in and of itself since it studies the ways that people interpret and use language, without being able to provide any information about what is actually being said. This type of approach is called far-side pragmatics. Others, however, have argued that this study is a discipline in its own right because it examines the way in which the meaning and usage of language is influenced by social and cultural factors. This is known as near-side pragmatics.<br><br>The field of pragmatics also focuses on the inferential nature and meaning of utterances, as well as the role of primary pragmatic processes in determining what a speaker means in the sentence. Recanati and Bach discuss these topics in more detail. Both of these papers discuss the notions of saturation as well as free pragmatic enrichment. These are important pragmatic processes in that they help to shape the meaning of a statement.<br><br>How is Free Pragmatics Different from Explanatory Pragmatics?<br><br>The study of pragmatics focuses on how context affects linguistic meaning. It focuses on how the human language is utilized in social interactions and the relationship between the speaker and interpreter. Linguists who specialize in pragmatics are called pragmaticians.<br><br>Over the years, many different theories of pragmatism were developed. Some, like Gricean pragmatics focus on the communicative intent of the speaker. Others, such as Relevance Theory, [https://funsilo.date/wiki/Unexpected_Business_Strategies_That_Helped_Pragmatic_Genuine_To_Succeed 프라그마틱] focus on the processes of understanding that occur during utterance interpretation by hearers. Some approaches to pragmatics have been combined with other disciplines, such as cognitive science and  [https://timeoftheworld.date/wiki/15_Presents_For_Those_Who_Are_The_Pragmatic_Slots_Free_Trial_Lover_In_Your_Life 프라그마틱 슬롯 무료] philosophy.<br><br>There are also different views regarding the boundary between pragmatics and semantics. Morris is one philosopher who believes that semantics and pragmatism are two different topics. He asserts semantics is concerned with the relationship between signs and objects they could or might not represent, while pragmatics is concerned with the use of words in context.<br><br>Other philosophers, such as Bach and Harnish have suggested that pragmatism is an subfield within semantics. They differentiate between 'near-side and 'far-side' pragmatism. Near-side pragmatics concerns the content of what is said, while far-side focuses on the logical implications of a statement. They believe that semantics is already determining certain aspects of the meaning of a statement, whereas other pragmatics are determined by pragmatic processes.<br><br>The context is among the most important aspects in pragmatics. This means that the same word could have different meanings in different contexts, depending on factors such as indexicality and ambiguity. Other things that can change the meaning of an utterance include the structure of the discourse, speaker intentions and beliefs, as well as listener expectations.<br><br>Another aspect of pragmatics is that it is a matter of culture. This is due to different cultures having their own rules about what is acceptable to say in different situations. In some cultures, it's acceptable to make eye contact. In other cultures, it's considered rude.<br><br>There are various perspectives on pragmatics and much research is being conducted in this field. There are many different areas of study, including computational and formal pragmatics, theoretical and experimental pragmatism, intercultural and cross pragmatics of language, as well as pragmatics in the clinical and experimental sense.<br><br>How is Free Pragmatics Similar to Explanatory Pragmatics?<br><br>The linguistic discipline of pragmatics is concerned with how meaning is conveyed through the use of language in a context. It analyzes how the speaker's intentions and beliefs affect the interpretation, and focuses less on grammatical features of the utterance than on what is said. Linguists who specialize in pragmatics are called pragmaticians. The subject of pragmatics is closely related to other areas of linguistics such as semantics, syntax and philosophy of language.<br><br>In recent years the field of pragmatics has evolved in a variety of directions. These include conversational pragmatics and computational linguistics. These areas are characterized by a wide variety of research, which addresses aspects like lexical features and the interplay between language, discourse, and meaning.<br><br>In the philosophical debate on pragmatism one of the most important issues is whether it is possible to provide a thorough and systematic account of the relationship between pragmatics and semantics. Some philosophers have suggested that it's not (e.g. Morris 1938, Kaplan 1989). Other philosophers have argued that the distinction between semantics and pragmatics is ill-defined and that semantics and pragmatics are actually the identical.<br><br>It is not unusual for scholars to argue between these two perspectives, arguing that certain phenomena are either semantics or pragmatics. For example, some scholars argue that if an expression has a literal truth-conditional meaning then it is semantics, while others argue that the fact that a statement can be interpreted in a variety of ways is a sign of pragmatics.<br><br>Other pragmatics researchers have adopted an alternative approach. They claim that the truth-conditional interpretation of a statement is just one of many possible interpretations and that all of them are valid. This method is often referred to as far-side pragmatics.<br><br>Some recent research in pragmatics has tried to integrate semantic and far-side approaches, attempting to capture the entire range of interpretive possibilities for an utterance by describing how a speaker's beliefs and intentions contribute to the interpretation. For example, Champollion et al. (2019) combine an Gricean game-theoretic model of the Rational Speech Act framework with technological innovations from Franke and Bergen (2020). The model predicts that listeners will entertain many possible exhausted parses of a speech utterance that includes the universal FCI Any, and that is why the exclusiveness implicature is so reliable when compared to other plausible implications.

Revision as of 04:49, 11 January 2025

What is Pragmatics?

Pragmatics is the study of the connection between context, language and meaning. It addresses questions such as: What do people really think when they use words?

It's a philosophy that is focused on sensible and practical actions. It's in contrast to idealism, which is the belief that you must always abide to your beliefs.

What is Pragmatics?

Pragmatics is the study of the ways in which language users find meaning from and each with each other. It is usually thought of as a component of language, although it differs from semantics in that pragmatics studies what the user is trying to convey rather than what the actual meaning is.

As a field of research the field of pragmatics is still relatively new and its research has expanded quickly in the past few decades. It is primarily an academic discipline within linguistics, 무료 프라그마틱 however it also influences research in other fields, such as speech-language pathology, psychology, sociolinguistics and anthropology.

There are a variety of ways to approach pragmatics that have contributed to the growth and development of this discipline. For example, 프라그마틱 플레이 one perspective is the Gricean approach to pragmatics which focuses on the notion of intention and how it relates to the speaker's comprehension of the listener's. The lexical and concept strategies for pragmatics are also views on the subject. These perspectives have contributed to the wide range of topics that pragmatics researchers have investigated.

The research in pragmatics has focused on a variety of topics that include L2 pragmatic comprehension, production of requests by EFL learners, and the role of theory of mind in physical and mental metaphors. It has been applied to cultural and social phenomena such as political discourse, discriminatory speech and interpersonal communication. Researchers in pragmatics have used various methods from experimental to sociocultural.

The amount of knowledge base in pragmatics varies by database, as shown in Figure 9A-C. The US and the UK are among the top contributors to pragmatics research, yet their ranking varies by database. This is due to pragmatics being a multidisciplinary area that intersects other disciplines.

This makes it difficult to classify the top pragmatics authors based on the number of publications they have. However, it is possible to identify the most influential authors through analyzing their contributions to the field of pragmatics. For instance, Bambini's contribution to pragmatics is a pioneering concept like conversational implicature and politeness theory. Grice, Saul, and Kasper are the most influential authors of the field of pragmatics.

What is Free Pragmatics?

The study of pragmatics is more concerned with the contexts and the users of language than it is with truth grammar, reference, or. It studies the ways in which an utterance can be understood as meaning different things in different contexts and also those caused by ambiguity or indexicality. It also focuses primarily on the strategies employed by listeners to determine if words have a meaning that is communicative. It is closely connected to the theory of conversative implicature which was pioneered by Paul Grice.

While the distinction between pragmatics and semantics is a well-known and established one There is a lot of debate about the precise boundaries of these fields. Some philosophers believe that the notion of meaning of sentences is a component of semantics, whereas others claim that this type of problem should be treated as pragmatic.

Another area of debate is whether the study of pragmatics should be considered an linguistics-related branch or an aspect of philosophy of language. Some researchers have suggested that pragmatics is an independent field and should be considered a part of linguistics alongside the study of phonology. syntax, semantics, etc. Others have claimed that the study of pragmatics should be considered an aspect of philosophy of language because it focuses on the ways that our beliefs about the meaning and uses of language influence our theories of how languages work.

There are a few major 프라그마틱 슬롯무료 홈페이지 (buus-kjer.mdwrite.Net) issues that arise in the study of pragmatics that have fueled much of this debate. For instance, some scholars have argued that pragmatics is not an academic discipline in and of itself since it studies the ways that people interpret and use language, without being able to provide any information about what is actually being said. This type of approach is called far-side pragmatics. Others, however, have argued that this study is a discipline in its own right because it examines the way in which the meaning and usage of language is influenced by social and cultural factors. This is known as near-side pragmatics.

The field of pragmatics also focuses on the inferential nature and meaning of utterances, as well as the role of primary pragmatic processes in determining what a speaker means in the sentence. Recanati and Bach discuss these topics in more detail. Both of these papers discuss the notions of saturation as well as free pragmatic enrichment. These are important pragmatic processes in that they help to shape the meaning of a statement.

How is Free Pragmatics Different from Explanatory Pragmatics?

The study of pragmatics focuses on how context affects linguistic meaning. It focuses on how the human language is utilized in social interactions and the relationship between the speaker and interpreter. Linguists who specialize in pragmatics are called pragmaticians.

Over the years, many different theories of pragmatism were developed. Some, like Gricean pragmatics focus on the communicative intent of the speaker. Others, such as Relevance Theory, 프라그마틱 focus on the processes of understanding that occur during utterance interpretation by hearers. Some approaches to pragmatics have been combined with other disciplines, such as cognitive science and 프라그마틱 슬롯 무료 philosophy.

There are also different views regarding the boundary between pragmatics and semantics. Morris is one philosopher who believes that semantics and pragmatism are two different topics. He asserts semantics is concerned with the relationship between signs and objects they could or might not represent, while pragmatics is concerned with the use of words in context.

Other philosophers, such as Bach and Harnish have suggested that pragmatism is an subfield within semantics. They differentiate between 'near-side and 'far-side' pragmatism. Near-side pragmatics concerns the content of what is said, while far-side focuses on the logical implications of a statement. They believe that semantics is already determining certain aspects of the meaning of a statement, whereas other pragmatics are determined by pragmatic processes.

The context is among the most important aspects in pragmatics. This means that the same word could have different meanings in different contexts, depending on factors such as indexicality and ambiguity. Other things that can change the meaning of an utterance include the structure of the discourse, speaker intentions and beliefs, as well as listener expectations.

Another aspect of pragmatics is that it is a matter of culture. This is due to different cultures having their own rules about what is acceptable to say in different situations. In some cultures, it's acceptable to make eye contact. In other cultures, it's considered rude.

There are various perspectives on pragmatics and much research is being conducted in this field. There are many different areas of study, including computational and formal pragmatics, theoretical and experimental pragmatism, intercultural and cross pragmatics of language, as well as pragmatics in the clinical and experimental sense.

How is Free Pragmatics Similar to Explanatory Pragmatics?

The linguistic discipline of pragmatics is concerned with how meaning is conveyed through the use of language in a context. It analyzes how the speaker's intentions and beliefs affect the interpretation, and focuses less on grammatical features of the utterance than on what is said. Linguists who specialize in pragmatics are called pragmaticians. The subject of pragmatics is closely related to other areas of linguistics such as semantics, syntax and philosophy of language.

In recent years the field of pragmatics has evolved in a variety of directions. These include conversational pragmatics and computational linguistics. These areas are characterized by a wide variety of research, which addresses aspects like lexical features and the interplay between language, discourse, and meaning.

In the philosophical debate on pragmatism one of the most important issues is whether it is possible to provide a thorough and systematic account of the relationship between pragmatics and semantics. Some philosophers have suggested that it's not (e.g. Morris 1938, Kaplan 1989). Other philosophers have argued that the distinction between semantics and pragmatics is ill-defined and that semantics and pragmatics are actually the identical.

It is not unusual for scholars to argue between these two perspectives, arguing that certain phenomena are either semantics or pragmatics. For example, some scholars argue that if an expression has a literal truth-conditional meaning then it is semantics, while others argue that the fact that a statement can be interpreted in a variety of ways is a sign of pragmatics.

Other pragmatics researchers have adopted an alternative approach. They claim that the truth-conditional interpretation of a statement is just one of many possible interpretations and that all of them are valid. This method is often referred to as far-side pragmatics.

Some recent research in pragmatics has tried to integrate semantic and far-side approaches, attempting to capture the entire range of interpretive possibilities for an utterance by describing how a speaker's beliefs and intentions contribute to the interpretation. For example, Champollion et al. (2019) combine an Gricean game-theoretic model of the Rational Speech Act framework with technological innovations from Franke and Bergen (2020). The model predicts that listeners will entertain many possible exhausted parses of a speech utterance that includes the universal FCI Any, and that is why the exclusiveness implicature is so reliable when compared to other plausible implications.