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What is Pragmatics?<br><br>Pragmatics is the study of the connection between context, language and meaning. It poses questions such as What do people really mean when they use words?<br><br>It's a philosophy that is based on practical and reasonable action. It's in opposition to idealism, the belief that you must abide to your beliefs.<br><br>What is Pragmatics?<br><br>Pragmatics is the study of ways in which language users gain meaning from and each other. It is usually thought of as a part of language, although it differs from semantics in that pragmatics examines what the user intends to convey rather than what the actual meaning is.<br><br>As a field of study it is comparatively new and its research has grown rapidly in the last few decades. It has been mostly an academic discipline within linguistics, however it also has an impact on research in other fields such as speech-language pathology, psychology sociolinguistics and the study of anthropology.<br><br>There are a variety of perspectives on pragmatics that have contributed to its development and growth. For example, one perspective is the Gricean approach to pragmatics, which focuses on the notion of intention and how it relates to the speaker's knowledge of the listener's understanding. The lexical and concept strategies for pragmatics are also perspectives on the topic. These perspectives have contributed to the wide range of subjects that researchers in pragmatics have investigated.<br><br>The study of pragmatics has been focused on a wide range of topics, including L2 pragmatic comprehension, request production by EFL learners and the role of theory of mind in physical and mental metaphors. It has been applied to cultural and social phenomena like political speech, discriminatory speech, and  [https://cphallconstlts.com/employer/pragmatic-kr/ 프라그마틱 사이트] interpersonal communication. Pragmatics researchers have also used diverse methodologies from experimental to sociocultural.<br><br>Figure 9A-C illustrates that the size of the knowledge base for pragmatics differs depending on which database is utilized. The US and the UK are among the top contributors to pragmatics research, but their ranking varies by database. This is due to pragmatics being multidisciplinary and interspersed with other disciplines.<br><br>This makes it difficult to rank the top pragmatics authors by the number of publications they have. It is possible to identify influential authors by examining their contributions to the field of pragmatics. For example Bambini's contribution in pragmatics has led to concepts like conversational implicature and politeness theory. Other highly influential authors in pragmatics include Grice, [https://git.nasp.fit/pragmaticplay2972 프라그마틱 슬롯 하는법] Saul and [http://rgo4u.com/bbs/board.php?bo_table=free&wr_id=18 프라그마틱 공식홈페이지] Kasper.<br><br>What is Free Pragmatics?<br><br>The study of pragmatics is more concerned with the contexts and the users of language than it is with truth or reference, or grammar. It focuses on the ways in which one expression can be understood to mean different things in different contexts and also those caused by indexicality or ambiguity. It also focuses on strategies that listeners employ to determine whether phrases are intended to be communicated. It is closely connected to the theory of conversational implicature, developed by Paul Grice.<br><br>The boundaries between these two disciplines are a matter of debate. While the distinction is widely known, [http://devhub.dost.gov.ph/pragmaticplay7275 프라그마틱 슬롯 체험] 슬롯 사이트, [https://connectingsparks.com/read-blog/6281_7-small-changes-you-can-make-that-039-ll-make-a-big-difference-in-your-free-prag.html discover this], it isn't always clear where they should be drawn. For instance philosophers have suggested that the notion of a sentence meaning is an aspect of semantics. Others have claimed that this sort of thing should be viewed as a pragmatic issue.<br><br>Another debate is whether pragmatics is a branch of philosophy of languages or a subset of the study of the study of linguistics. Some researchers have argued pragmatics is an autonomous discipline and should be treated as part of linguistics alongside phonology. syntax, semantics, etc. Others have argued that the study of pragmatics is a part of philosophy because it focuses on how our notions of the meaning and use of languages influence our theories of how languages function.<br><br>There are a few major issues in the study of pragmatics that have fuelled much of this debate. For example, some scholars have claimed that pragmatics isn't an academic discipline in and of itself since it examines the ways people interpret and use language without necessarily referring to any facts regarding what is actually being said. This type of approach is referred to as far-side pragmatics. Other scholars, however, have argued that this study should be considered a field in its own right because it examines the manner in which the meaning and usage of language is dependent on cultural and social factors. This is referred to as near-side pragmatics.<br><br>Other topics of discussion in pragmatics include the way in which we understand the nature of the interpretation of utterances as an inferential process, and the role that primary pragmatic processes play in the analysis of what is being spoken by a speaker in a given sentence. Recanati and Bach discuss these topics in greater depth. Both papers discuss the notions a saturation and a free enrichment of the pragmatic. These are important pragmatic processes that shape the overall meaning an utterance.<br><br>What is the difference between explanatory and free Pragmatics?<br><br>Pragmatics is the study of the role that context plays to the meaning of language. It studies the way that human language is used during social interaction as well as the relationship between the speaker and interpreter. Linguists who specialize in pragmatics are known as pragmaticians.<br><br>Different theories of pragmatics have been developed over the years. Some, like Gricean pragmatics focus on the communication intent of the speaker. Relevance Theory for instance is a study of the processes of understanding that take place when listeners interpret the meaning of utterances. Certain pragmatic approaches have been combined together with other disciplines like philosophy or cognitive science.<br><br>There are also differing opinions on the boundary between semantics and pragmatics. Certain philosophers, such as Morris, believe that semantics and pragmatics are two separate topics. He claims semantics concerns the relationship of signs to objects they could or  [https://www.myungbosa.co.kr/bbs/board.php?bo_table=free&wr_id=21/ 프라그마틱 카지노] might not denote whereas pragmatics is concerned with the use of words in context.<br><br>Other philosophers like Bach and Harnish have claimed that pragmatism is a subfield of semantics. They distinguish between 'near-side' and 'far-side' pragmatics. Near-side pragmatics concentrates on the words spoken, while far-side pragmatics focuses on the logical consequences of saying something. They believe that a portion of the 'pragmatics' in the words spoken are already influenced by semantics, while other 'pragmatics' is defined by the processes of inference.<br><br>One of the most important aspects of pragmatics is that it is contextually dependent. This means that a single utterance may have different meanings depending on the context, such as ambiguity or indexicality. Other elements that can alter the meaning of an utterance include discourse structure, speaker intentions and beliefs, as well as listener expectations.<br><br>Another aspect of pragmatics is that it is a matter of culture. It is because each culture has its own rules regarding what is appropriate in various situations. In some cultures, it's considered polite to look at each other. In other cultures, it's considered rude.<br><br>There are many different perspectives on pragmatics and lots of research is being conducted in this area. The main areas of research include: formal and computational pragmatics theoretic and experimental pragmatics; cross-cultural and intercultural pragmatics; pragmatics that are experimental and clinical.<br><br>What is the relationship between free Pragmatics and to explanation Pragmatics?<br><br>The pragmatics discipline is concerned with the way meaning is communicated through the language in a context. It focuses less on the grammatical structure of an utterance and more on what the speaker is actually saying. Linguists who specialize in pragmatics are referred to as pragmaticians. The subject of pragmatics is related to other linguistics areas, like syntax, semantics, and the philosophy of language.<br><br>In recent years the area of pragmatics has been developing in a variety of directions, including computational linguistics, pragmatics of conversation, and theoretic pragmatics. There is a wide range of research conducted in these areas, with a focus on topics such as the role of lexical elements and the interaction between language and discourse and the nature of the concept of meaning.<br><br>In the philosophical debate about pragmatism, one of the major issues is whether it is possible to provide a thorough and systematic account of the interplay between semantics and pragmatics. Some philosophers have suggested that it's not (e.g. Morris 1938, Kaplan 1989). Other philosophers have suggested that the distinction between pragmatics and semantics is not clear and that pragmatics and semantics are in fact the same thing.<br><br>It is not uncommon for scholars to debate back and forth between these two positions, arguing that certain phenomena fall under either pragmatics or semantics. Some scholars believe that if a statement carries a literal truth conditional meaning, it's semantics. Others contend that the fact that a statement can be read differently is a sign of pragmatics.<br><br>Other researchers in pragmatics have taken a different view and argue that the truth-conditional meaning a utterance has is only one among many ways in which the utterance may be interpreted, and that all of these ways are valid. This method is often known as far-side pragmatics.<br><br>Recent work in pragmatics has sought to integrate the concepts of semantics and far-side, attempting to capture the entire range of interpretive possibilities for an utterance by modeling how a speaker's beliefs and intentions affect the interpretation. For example, Champollion et al. (2019) combine a Gricean game-theoretic model of the Rational Speech Act framework with technical innovations from Franke and Bergen (2020). The model predicts that listeners will be entertained by a variety of exhausted interpretations of an speech that is a part of the universal FCI Any, and that is the reason why the exclusivity implicature is so reliable in comparison to other possible implications.
What is Pragmatics?<br><br>Pragmatics is the study of the connection between context, language and meaning. It asks questions like: What do people really think when they use words?<br><br>It's a philosophy that is based on practical and reasonable actions. It's in contrast to idealism, the notion that you must abide by your principles.<br><br>What is Pragmatics?<br><br>Pragmatics is the study of the ways in which language users find meaning from and [https://bookmarksoflife.com/story3803727/10-facts-about-pragmatic-image-that-will-instantly-get-you-into-a-great-mood 프라그마틱 슬롯 환수율] each one another. It is often viewed as a part of a language, however it differs from semantics because pragmatics concentrates on what the user is trying to convey and not what the actual meaning is.<br><br>As a research area, pragmatics is relatively new, and its research has been growing rapidly over the last few decades. It has been mostly an academic field of study within linguistics but it also influences research in other fields, such as psychology, speech-language pathology, sociolinguistics, and the study of anthropology.<br><br>There are many different perspectives on pragmatics, and they have contributed to its growth and development. One is the Gricean pragmatics approach, which focuses on the notion of intention and their interaction with the speaker's knowledge about the listener's comprehension. The lexical and [https://bookmarkspring.com/story13087807/how-to-recognize-the-pragmatic-free-trial-meta-that-s-right-for-you 프라그마틱 정품 사이트] [https://onlybookmarkings.com/story18255392/15-best-documentaries-on-pragmatic-slot-buff 프라그마틱 슬롯 하는법] 하는법 ([https://mylittlebookmark.com/story3823237/three-greatest-moments-in-pragmatic-image-history Full Post]) concept perspectives on pragmatics are likewise perspectives on the subject. These views have contributed to the variety of topics that pragmatics researchers have researched.<br><br>The research in pragmatics has covered a broad variety of topics, including pragmatic comprehension in L2 and demand production by EFL students, and the role of the theory of mind in physical and mental metaphors. It has been applied to cultural and social phenomena such as political discourse, discriminatory speech, and interpersonal communication. Pragmatics researchers also have employed diverse methodologies from experimental to sociocultural.<br><br>Figure 9A-C demonstrates that the size of the knowledge base for pragmatics differs according to the database used. The US and the UK are among the top producers of pragmatics research, but their ranking varies by database. This is due to pragmatics being multidisciplinary and interspersed with other disciplines.<br><br>It is therefore hard to classify the top pragmatics authors according to the number of their publications. However it is possible to determine the most influential authors through analyzing their contributions to pragmatics. Bambini, for example, has contributed to pragmatics through concepts like conversational implicititure and politeness theories. Grice, Saul, and Kasper are also influential authors of the field of pragmatics.<br><br>What is Free Pragmatics?<br><br>The study of pragmatics is more concerned with the contexts and language users as opposed to the study of truth grammar, reference, or. It focuses on the ways in which one expression can be understood to mean various things depending on the context, including those caused by ambiguity or indexicality. It also focuses primarily on the strategies used by listeners to determine if words have a meaning that is communicative. It is closely linked to the theory of conversative implicature which was developed by Paul Grice.<br><br>The boundaries between these two disciplines is a matter of debate. While the distinction between these two disciplines is widely known, it isn't always clear where the lines should be drawn. For instance philosophers have suggested that the concept of sentence's meaning is an aspect of semantics. Others have argued that this kind of thing should be treated as a pragmatic problem.<br><br>Another issue is whether pragmatics is a subfield of philosophy of language or a subset of the study of the study of linguistics. Some researchers have argued pragmatics is an independent discipline and should be treated as part of linguistics alongside the study of phonology. syntax, semantics, etc. Others, however, have suggested that the study of pragmatics is an aspect of philosophy of language since it examines the ways that our concepts of the meaning and use of language affect our theories about how languages work.<br><br>There are a few major issues that arise in the study of pragmatics that have fueled the debate. For instance, some researchers have claimed that pragmatics isn't a subject in its own right because it examines the ways people interpret and use language, without being able to provide any information about what is actually being said. This type of approach is known as far-side pragmatics. Others, however, have argued that this study is a discipline in its own right since it examines the way in which the meaning and use of language is affected by cultural and social factors. This is called near-side pragmatics.<br><br>Other areas of discussion in pragmatics are the ways in which we understand the nature of the interpretation of utterances as an inferential process and the role that the primary pragmatic processes play in the determining of what is said by a speaker in a given sentence. These are issues that are more thoroughly discussed in the papers by Recanati and Bach. Both of these papers discuss the notions of saturation as well as free pragmatic enrichment. These are important pragmatic processes in the sense that they shape the meaning of an utterance.<br><br>What is the difference between free and explanatory Pragmatics?<br><br>The study of pragmatics is the way in which context influences the meaning of language. It evaluates how human language is used in social interactions, as well as the relationship between the speaker and the interpreter. Pragmaticians are linguists that focus on pragmatics.<br><br>Over the years, a variety of theories of pragmatism have been developed. Some, such as Gricean pragmatics, focus on the communicative intent of the speaker. Others, such as Relevance Theory, focus on the understanding processes that occur during utterance interpretation by listeners. Certain pragmatic approaches have been incorporated together with other disciplines such as philosophy or  프라그마틱 카지노 - [https://bookmarkgenious.com/story18450613/7-little-changes-that-ll-make-a-huge-difference-in-your-pragmatic-korea Read More On this page], cognitive science.<br><br>There are also differing views on the borderline of pragmatics and semantics. Some philosophers, such as Morris believes that pragmatics and semantics are two distinct subjects. He claims semantics concerns the relationship between signs and objects that they might or may not represent, while pragmatics is concerned with the use of words in a context.<br><br>Other philosophers, including Bach and Harnish, have argued that pragmatics is a subfield of semantics. They differentiate between "near-side" and "far-side" pragmatics. Near-side pragmatics is focused on what is said, whereas far-side pragmatics concentrates on the logical implications of saying something. They claim that a portion of the 'pragmatics' in an utterance is already influenced by semantics, while other 'pragmatics' is defined by the processes of inference.<br><br>One of the most important aspects of pragmatics is that it is contextually dependent. This means that the same word could have different meanings in different contexts, based on factors such as indexicality and ambiguity. The structure of the conversation, the beliefs of the speaker and intentions, as well as expectations of the listener can alter the meaning of a word.<br><br>Another aspect of pragmatics is its particularity to the culture. This is due to different cultures having their own rules regarding what is acceptable to say in different situations. In some cultures, it's considered polite to look at each other. In other cultures, it's considered rude.<br><br>There are many different perspectives of pragmatics, and lots of research is being conducted in this field. Some of the main areas of study are formal and computational pragmatics; theoretical and experimental pragmatics; intercultural and cross-linguistic pragmatics; and pragmatics in the clinical and experimental sense.<br><br>How is free Pragmatics similar to explanatory Pragmatics?<br><br>The pragmatics discipline is concerned with the way meaning is communicated by language in context. It is less concerned with the grammatical structure of the utterance and more on what the speaker is actually saying. Linguists who specialize in pragmatics are known as pragmaticians. The topic of pragmatics has a link to other areas of the study of linguistics such as semantics and syntax, or the philosophy of language.<br><br>In recent years, the field of pragmatics has developed in a variety of directions that include computational linguistics, conversational pragmatics, and theoretical pragmatics. These areas are characterized by a broad range of research that addresses topics such as lexical features and the interaction between discourse, language and meaning.<br><br>In the philosophical debate on pragmatism one of the most important questions is whether it is possible to give a precise and systematic analysis of the relationship between pragmatics and semantics. Some philosophers have argued that it's not (e.g. Morris 1938, Kaplan 1989). Other philosophers have claimed that the distinction between semantics and pragmatics is not clear and that semantics and pragmatics are really the same thing.<br><br>It is not unusual for scholars to go between these two perspectives and argue that certain events are either semantics or pragmatics. For  [https://hylistings.com/story19364647/the-reason-why-pragmatic-experience-is-everyone-s-obsession-in-2024 프라그마틱 정품확인방법] example certain scholars argue that if an utterance has a literal truth-conditional meaning then it is semantics, while other argue that the fact that an utterance may be interpreted in various ways is pragmatics.<br><br>Other pragmatics researchers have taken a different approach, arguing that the truth-conditional meaning of an expression is only one of many ways in which an utterance may be interpreted and that all interpretations are valid. This is often referred to as "far-side pragmatics".<br><br>Some recent work in pragmatics has sought to combine both approaches, attempting to capture the entire range of possibilities of an utterance's interpretation by modeling how a speaker's intentions and beliefs influence the interpretation. For example, Champollion et al. (2019) combine the Gricean game theory model of the Rational Speech Act framework with technological innovations from Franke and Bergen (2020). This model predicts that listeners will be able to consider a variety of possible exhaustified versions of a speech that contains the universal FCI any and this is what makes the exclusivity implicature so robust as contrasted to other possible implicatures.

Revision as of 16:53, 13 January 2025

What is Pragmatics?

Pragmatics is the study of the connection between context, language and meaning. It asks questions like: What do people really think when they use words?

It's a philosophy that is based on practical and reasonable actions. It's in contrast to idealism, the notion that you must abide by your principles.

What is Pragmatics?

Pragmatics is the study of the ways in which language users find meaning from and 프라그마틱 슬롯 환수율 each one another. It is often viewed as a part of a language, however it differs from semantics because pragmatics concentrates on what the user is trying to convey and not what the actual meaning is.

As a research area, pragmatics is relatively new, and its research has been growing rapidly over the last few decades. It has been mostly an academic field of study within linguistics but it also influences research in other fields, such as psychology, speech-language pathology, sociolinguistics, and the study of anthropology.

There are many different perspectives on pragmatics, and they have contributed to its growth and development. One is the Gricean pragmatics approach, which focuses on the notion of intention and their interaction with the speaker's knowledge about the listener's comprehension. The lexical and 프라그마틱 정품 사이트 프라그마틱 슬롯 하는법 하는법 (Full Post) concept perspectives on pragmatics are likewise perspectives on the subject. These views have contributed to the variety of topics that pragmatics researchers have researched.

The research in pragmatics has covered a broad variety of topics, including pragmatic comprehension in L2 and demand production by EFL students, and the role of the theory of mind in physical and mental metaphors. It has been applied to cultural and social phenomena such as political discourse, discriminatory speech, and interpersonal communication. Pragmatics researchers also have employed diverse methodologies from experimental to sociocultural.

Figure 9A-C demonstrates that the size of the knowledge base for pragmatics differs according to the database used. The US and the UK are among the top producers of pragmatics research, but their ranking varies by database. This is due to pragmatics being multidisciplinary and interspersed with other disciplines.

It is therefore hard to classify the top pragmatics authors according to the number of their publications. However it is possible to determine the most influential authors through analyzing their contributions to pragmatics. Bambini, for example, has contributed to pragmatics through concepts like conversational implicititure and politeness theories. Grice, Saul, and Kasper are also influential authors of the field of pragmatics.

What is Free Pragmatics?

The study of pragmatics is more concerned with the contexts and language users as opposed to the study of truth grammar, reference, or. It focuses on the ways in which one expression can be understood to mean various things depending on the context, including those caused by ambiguity or indexicality. It also focuses primarily on the strategies used by listeners to determine if words have a meaning that is communicative. It is closely linked to the theory of conversative implicature which was developed by Paul Grice.

The boundaries between these two disciplines is a matter of debate. While the distinction between these two disciplines is widely known, it isn't always clear where the lines should be drawn. For instance philosophers have suggested that the concept of sentence's meaning is an aspect of semantics. Others have argued that this kind of thing should be treated as a pragmatic problem.

Another issue is whether pragmatics is a subfield of philosophy of language or a subset of the study of the study of linguistics. Some researchers have argued pragmatics is an independent discipline and should be treated as part of linguistics alongside the study of phonology. syntax, semantics, etc. Others, however, have suggested that the study of pragmatics is an aspect of philosophy of language since it examines the ways that our concepts of the meaning and use of language affect our theories about how languages work.

There are a few major issues that arise in the study of pragmatics that have fueled the debate. For instance, some researchers have claimed that pragmatics isn't a subject in its own right because it examines the ways people interpret and use language, without being able to provide any information about what is actually being said. This type of approach is known as far-side pragmatics. Others, however, have argued that this study is a discipline in its own right since it examines the way in which the meaning and use of language is affected by cultural and social factors. This is called near-side pragmatics.

Other areas of discussion in pragmatics are the ways in which we understand the nature of the interpretation of utterances as an inferential process and the role that the primary pragmatic processes play in the determining of what is said by a speaker in a given sentence. These are issues that are more thoroughly discussed in the papers by Recanati and Bach. Both of these papers discuss the notions of saturation as well as free pragmatic enrichment. These are important pragmatic processes in the sense that they shape the meaning of an utterance.

What is the difference between free and explanatory Pragmatics?

The study of pragmatics is the way in which context influences the meaning of language. It evaluates how human language is used in social interactions, as well as the relationship between the speaker and the interpreter. Pragmaticians are linguists that focus on pragmatics.

Over the years, a variety of theories of pragmatism have been developed. Some, such as Gricean pragmatics, focus on the communicative intent of the speaker. Others, such as Relevance Theory, focus on the understanding processes that occur during utterance interpretation by listeners. Certain pragmatic approaches have been incorporated together with other disciplines such as philosophy or 프라그마틱 카지노 - Read More On this page, cognitive science.

There are also differing views on the borderline of pragmatics and semantics. Some philosophers, such as Morris believes that pragmatics and semantics are two distinct subjects. He claims semantics concerns the relationship between signs and objects that they might or may not represent, while pragmatics is concerned with the use of words in a context.

Other philosophers, including Bach and Harnish, have argued that pragmatics is a subfield of semantics. They differentiate between "near-side" and "far-side" pragmatics. Near-side pragmatics is focused on what is said, whereas far-side pragmatics concentrates on the logical implications of saying something. They claim that a portion of the 'pragmatics' in an utterance is already influenced by semantics, while other 'pragmatics' is defined by the processes of inference.

One of the most important aspects of pragmatics is that it is contextually dependent. This means that the same word could have different meanings in different contexts, based on factors such as indexicality and ambiguity. The structure of the conversation, the beliefs of the speaker and intentions, as well as expectations of the listener can alter the meaning of a word.

Another aspect of pragmatics is its particularity to the culture. This is due to different cultures having their own rules regarding what is acceptable to say in different situations. In some cultures, it's considered polite to look at each other. In other cultures, it's considered rude.

There are many different perspectives of pragmatics, and lots of research is being conducted in this field. Some of the main areas of study are formal and computational pragmatics; theoretical and experimental pragmatics; intercultural and cross-linguistic pragmatics; and pragmatics in the clinical and experimental sense.

How is free Pragmatics similar to explanatory Pragmatics?

The pragmatics discipline is concerned with the way meaning is communicated by language in context. It is less concerned with the grammatical structure of the utterance and more on what the speaker is actually saying. Linguists who specialize in pragmatics are known as pragmaticians. The topic of pragmatics has a link to other areas of the study of linguistics such as semantics and syntax, or the philosophy of language.

In recent years, the field of pragmatics has developed in a variety of directions that include computational linguistics, conversational pragmatics, and theoretical pragmatics. These areas are characterized by a broad range of research that addresses topics such as lexical features and the interaction between discourse, language and meaning.

In the philosophical debate on pragmatism one of the most important questions is whether it is possible to give a precise and systematic analysis of the relationship between pragmatics and semantics. Some philosophers have argued that it's not (e.g. Morris 1938, Kaplan 1989). Other philosophers have claimed that the distinction between semantics and pragmatics is not clear and that semantics and pragmatics are really the same thing.

It is not unusual for scholars to go between these two perspectives and argue that certain events are either semantics or pragmatics. For 프라그마틱 정품확인방법 example certain scholars argue that if an utterance has a literal truth-conditional meaning then it is semantics, while other argue that the fact that an utterance may be interpreted in various ways is pragmatics.

Other pragmatics researchers have taken a different approach, arguing that the truth-conditional meaning of an expression is only one of many ways in which an utterance may be interpreted and that all interpretations are valid. This is often referred to as "far-side pragmatics".

Some recent work in pragmatics has sought to combine both approaches, attempting to capture the entire range of possibilities of an utterance's interpretation by modeling how a speaker's intentions and beliefs influence the interpretation. For example, Champollion et al. (2019) combine the Gricean game theory model of the Rational Speech Act framework with technological innovations from Franke and Bergen (2020). This model predicts that listeners will be able to consider a variety of possible exhaustified versions of a speech that contains the universal FCI any and this is what makes the exclusivity implicature so robust as contrasted to other possible implicatures.