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What is Pragmatics?<br><br>Pragmatics examines the connection between language and context. It deals with questions such as what do people mean by the terms they use?<br><br>It's a philosophy that focuses on practical and reasonable actions. It is in contrast to idealism, which is the belief that you must always abide to your convictions.<br><br>What is Pragmatics?<br><br>The study of pragmatics examines how people who speak a language interact and communicate with each other. It is usually thought of as a component of language however it differs from semantics because pragmatics looks at what the user intends to convey rather than what the actual meaning is.<br><br>As a research area it is still young and its research has expanded rapidly over the last few decades. It is a linguistics-related academic field, but it has also influenced research in other areas such as psychology, sociolinguistics, [https://images.google.is/url?q=https://bengaleurope82.bravejournal.net/what-to-do-to-determine-if-youre-in-the-right-place-for-pragmatic-slots-free 프라그마틱 정품 확인법] and Anthropology.<br><br>There are many different views on pragmatics, and they have contributed to its growth and development. For example, one perspective is the Gricean approach to pragmatics, which is focused on the concept of intention and how it interacts with the speaker's understanding of the listener's. Other perspectives on pragmatics include the conceptual and lexical approaches to pragmatics. These perspectives have contributed to the wide range of subjects that researchers in pragmatics have studied.<br><br>The research in pragmatics has covered a vast range topics, such as pragmatic comprehension in L2 and demand production by EFL students, and the importance of the theory of mind in mental and physical metaphors. It is also applied to social and cultural phenomena, including political discourse, discriminatory language and interpersonal communication. Pragmatics researchers have also employed a variety of methodologies that range from experimental to sociocultural.<br><br>Figure 9A-C shows that the size of the knowledge base on pragmatics is different depending on the database utilized. The US and the UK are among the top researchers in pragmatics research, yet their rankings differ by database. This difference is due to the fact that pragmatics is a multidisciplinary field that intersects with other disciplines.<br><br>This makes it difficult to determine the top authors of pragmatics according to their publications only. It is possible to identify influential authors based on their contributions to the field of pragmatics. For  [https://xypid.win/story.php?title=15-best-pragmatic-slot-recommendations-bloggers-you-should-follow 프라그마틱 순위] instance Bambini's contribution in pragmatics has led to concepts such as conversational implicature, and politeness theory. Other highly influential authors in pragmatics include Grice, Saul and Kasper.<br><br>What is Free Pragmatics?<br><br>The study of pragmatics concentrates on the contexts and users of language usage rather than focusing on reference to truth, grammar, or. It focuses on how a single word can be understood in different ways in different contexts. This includes ambiguity as well as indexicality. It also focuses primarily on the strategies used by listeners to determine if utterances have a communicative intent. It is closely connected to the theory of conversative implicature, which was developed by Paul Grice.<br><br>While the distinction between semantics and pragmatics is a well-known, long-established one There is a lot of debate regarding the exact boundaries of these fields. For instance, some philosophers have argued that the concept of sentence meaning is an aspect of semantics while others have argued that this kind of thing should be considered as a pragmatic problem.<br><br>Another area of debate is whether the study of pragmatics should be considered a branch of linguistics or an aspect of philosophy of language. Some researchers have argued pragmatics is an independent field and [https://longshots.wiki/wiki/10_Methods_To_Build_Your_Pragmatic_Empire 프라그마틱 슬롯 체험] should be treated as part of linguistics along with the study of phonology. syntax, semantics, etc. Others,  [https://tupalo.com/en/users/7492938 프라그마틱 슬롯 추천] however, have suggested that the study of pragmatics is an aspect of philosophy of language since it examines the ways that our ideas about the meaning and uses of language influence our theories of how languages function.<br><br>The debate has been fuelled by a few key issues that are central to the study of pragmatics. Some scholars have suggested for instance that pragmatics isn't a subject in and of itself since it examines how people interpret and use the language, without necessarily referring to the facts about what actually was said. This sort of approach is known as far-side pragmatics. Certain scholars have argued that this field should be considered as an academic discipline because it examines how social and cultural influences influence the meaning and use language. This is called near-side pragmatism.<br><br>The field of pragmatics also discusses the inferential nature of utterances as well as the role of primary pragmatic processes in determining the meaning of what a speaker is expressing in a sentence. Recanati and Bach examine these issues in greater in depth. Both papers discuss the notions saturation and  [https://portal.uaptc.edu/ICS/Campus_Life/Campus_Groups/Student_Life/Discussion.jnz?portlet=Forums&screen=PostView&screenType=change&id=41afad78-35cb-476f-a269-185a850fd694 프라그마틱 무료체험 슬롯버프] free enrichment in the context of a pragmatic. These are crucial processes that help shape the meaning of an utterance.<br><br>What is the difference between explanatory and free Pragmatics?<br><br>The study of pragmatics is how the context affects the meaning of linguistics. It focuses on how humans use language in social interactions and the relationship between the speaker and interpreter. Pragmaticians are linguists who focus on pragmatics.<br><br>A variety of theories of pragmatics have been developed over the years. Some, like Gricean pragmatics, focus on the communicative intention of a speaker. Others, such as Relevance Theory concentrate on the understanding processes that occur during the interpretation of words by hearers. Certain approaches to pragmatics are merged with other disciplines,  [https://www.xn--72c9aa5escud2b.com/webboard/index.php?action=profile;area=forumprofile;u=2367289 라이브 카지노] such as philosophy and cognitive science.<br><br>There are also divergent opinions on the boundary between pragmatics and semantics. Certain philosophers, such as Morris believes that semantics and pragmatics are two separate topics. He says that semantics deal with the relation of words to objects they may or not denote, while pragmatics is concerned with the use of words in a context.<br><br>Other philosophers, such as Bach and Harnish have claimed that pragmatism is a subfield within semantics. They distinguish between "near-side" and "far-side" pragmatics. Near-side pragmatics is concerned with what is said, whereas far-side focuses on the logical implications of saying something. They argue that semantics determines the logical implications of an utterance, while other pragmatics is determined by pragmatic processes.<br><br>One of the most important aspects of pragmatics is that it is contextually dependent. This means that a single word can have different meanings based on factors like indexicality or ambiguity. Other elements that can alter the meaning of an utterance include discourse structure, speaker intentions and beliefs, as well as the expectations of the listener.<br><br>Another aspect of pragmatics is that it is a matter of culture. It is because each culture has its own rules regarding what is acceptable in various situations. For instance, it's polite in some cultures to make eye contact while it is rude in other cultures.<br><br>There are many different views of pragmatics, and a lot of research is conducted in this field. There are many different areas of study, including computational and formal pragmatics, theoretical and experimental pragmatics, intercultural and cross linguistic pragmatics and pragmatics that are experimental and clinical.<br><br>How is Free Pragmatics Similar to Explanatory Pragmatics?<br><br>The linguistic discipline of pragmatics is concerned with the way meaning is conveyed by the use of language in context. It examines how the speaker's intentions and beliefs contribute to interpretation, focusing less on grammaral characteristics of the expression instead of what is being said. Pragmaticians are linguists that focus on pragmatics. The subject of pragmatics has a link to other areas of the study of linguistics such as semantics and syntax or the philosophy of language.<br><br>In recent times, the field of pragmatics expanded in many directions. This includes computational linguistics as well as conversational pragmatics. These areas are characterized by a broad range of research that addresses aspects like lexical features and the interplay between discourse, language and meaning.<br><br>One of the most important questions in the philosophical discussion of pragmatics is whether or not it is possible to have an accurate, systematic understanding of the pragmatics/semantics interface. Some philosophers have argued that it isn't (e.g. Morris 1938, Kaplan 1989). Other philosophers have argued that the distinction between pragmatics and semantics is not well-defined and that they are the same thing.<br><br>It is not uncommon for scholars to debate back and forth between these two positions and argue that certain events are either semantics or pragmatics. Some scholars say that if a statement has the literal truth conditional meaning, it is semantics. Others argue that the fact that a statement can be interpreted in different ways is pragmatics.<br><br>Other researchers in the field of pragmatics have taken a different stance, arguing that the truth-conditional meaning of an utterance is only one of many ways that the word can be interpreted and that all interpretations are valid. This approach is often called "far-side pragmatics".<br><br>Recent work in pragmatics has tried to integrate semantic and far side methods. It attempts to capture the entire range of interpretive possibilities for a speaker's utterance, by modeling how the speaker's beliefs as well as intentions influence the interpretation. For example, Champollion et al. (2019) combine an Gricean game-theoretic model of the Rational Speech Act framework with technological advances from Franke and Bergen (2020). This model predicts listeners will have to entertain a myriad of exhausted interpretations of an speech that is a part of the universal FCI Any, and that is the reason why the exclusivity implicature is so reliable when compared to other plausible implications.
What is Pragmatics?<br><br>Pragmatics is a study of the connection between language and context. It poses questions such as: What do people really mean when they use words?<br><br>It's a philosophy that is based on practical and reasonable actions. It's in contrast to idealism, the notion that you must abide to your beliefs.<br><br>What is Pragmatics?<br><br>The study of pragmatics examines how language users communicate and interact with each and with each other. It is often seen as a part or language, but it is different from semantics since it focuses on what the user is trying to communicate, not on what the actual meaning is.<br><br>As a field of research it is still young and its research has expanded rapidly in the last few decades. It has been mostly an academic field of study within linguistics, however it also has an impact on research in other fields such as speech-language pathology, psychology sociolinguistics, and the study of anthropology.<br><br>There are a variety of approaches to pragmatics that have contributed to the development and growth of this discipline. One perspective is the Gricean pragmatics approach, which is based primarily on the notion of intention and its interaction with the speaker's understanding of the listener's comprehension. Other perspectives on pragmatics include conceptual and lexical aspects of pragmatics. These views have contributed to the diversity of subjects that pragmatics researchers have studied.<br><br>Research in pragmatics has been focused on a variety of subjects such as L2 pragmatic understanding, request production by EFL learners and the role of theory of mind in physical and mental metaphors. It is also applied to cultural and social phenomena, including political discourse, discriminatory language, and interpersonal communication. Pragmatics researchers also have employed a variety of methodologies, from experimental to sociocultural.<br><br>Figure 9A-C shows that the size of the knowledge base on pragmatics is different depending on which database is utilized. The US and the UK are among the top contributors to pragmatics research, but their rankings differ by database. This is due to pragmatics being a multidisciplinary area that intersects other disciplines.<br><br>It is therefore difficult to determine the top pragmatics authors by the number of their publications. However, it is possible to identify the most influential authors by examining their contributions to the field of pragmatics. Bambini, for example, has contributed to pragmatics with concepts like conversational implicititure and politeness theories. Other authors who have been influential in the field of pragmatics are Grice, Saul and Kasper.<br><br>What is Free Pragmatics?<br><br>The study of pragmatics is more concerned with the contexts and the users of language rather than with truth or reference, or grammar. It examines the ways that an phrase can be interpreted as meaning different things from different contexts as well as those triggered by indexicality or ambiguity. It also focuses on strategies that listeners employ to determine whether utterances are intended to be communicative. It is closely related to the theory of conversational implicature, which was developed by Paul Grice.<br><br>The boundaries between these two disciplines are a matter of debate. While the distinction between these two disciplines is well-known, it is not always clear where the lines should be drawn. For instance philosophers have suggested that the concept of sentence's meaning is a part of semantics while others have claimed that this sort of thing should be viewed as a pragmatic issue.<br><br>Another controversy concerns whether pragmatics is a subfield of philosophy of languages or a branch of the study of the study of linguistics. Some researchers have argued pragmatics is an independent discipline and should be treated as part of linguistics, along with phonology. syntax, semantics etc. Others have suggested the study of pragmatics is an aspect of philosophy because it deals with the way in which our beliefs about the meaning of language and how it is used influence our theories about how languages work.<br><br>The debate has been fuelled by a number of key issues that are central to the study of pragmatism. Some scholars have argued for instance, that pragmatics isn't an academic discipline in and of itself since it studies how people perceive and use the language, [https://campos-berry-3.hubstack.net/whats-the-point-of-nobody-caring-about-pragmatic-slots-experience/ 프라그마틱 이미지] without necessarily referring to facts about what actually was said. This sort of approach is called far-side pragmatics. Some scholars, however have argued that this research ought to be considered a discipline of its own because it studies how social and cultural influences affect the meaning and usage of language. This is referred to as near-side pragmatics.<br><br>Other areas of discussion in pragmatics are the ways we think about the nature of the utterance interpretation process as an inferential process and the role that primary pragmatic processes play in the determination of what is being said by a speaker in a given sentence. These are issues that are more thoroughly discussed in the papers of Recanati and Bach. Both of these papers discuss the notions of saturation as well as free pragmatic enrichment, which are crucial pragmatic processes in the sense that they aid in shaping the meaning of an utterance.<br><br>What is the difference between Free Pragmatics and from Explanatory Pragmatics?<br><br>The study of pragmatics focuses on how context affects linguistic meaning. It examines how language is used in social interaction, and the relationship between the speaker and the interpreter. Pragmaticians are linguists that focus on pragmatics.<br><br>Many different theories of pragmatics have been developed over the years. Some, such as Gricean pragmatics, focus on the intention of communication of a speaker. Relevance Theory for instance, focuses on the processes of understanding that take place when listeners interpret the meaning of utterances. Some pragmatic approaches have been incorporated with other disciplines like cognitive science or philosophy.<br><br>There are also differing views on the borderline of pragmatics and semantics. Morris is one philosopher who believes that pragmatics and semantics are two different topics. He argues that semantics is concerned with the relationship between signs and objects they could or might not represent, while pragmatics is concerned with the use of words in the context.<br><br>Other philosophers, including Bach and Harnish, have argued that pragmatics is a subfield within semantics. They distinguish between "near-side" and "far-side" pragmatics. Near-side pragmatics concentrates on what is said, while far-side pragmatics focuses on the logical implications of saying something. They argue that a portion of the 'pragmatics' that accompany an expression are already determined by semantics, while the rest is determined by pragmatic processes of inference.<br><br>One of the most important aspects of pragmatics is that it is a context-dependent phenomenon. This means that a single utterance could have different meanings based on factors such as ambiguity or indexicality. Discourse structure, beliefs of the speaker and intentions, as well as expectations of the listener can alter the meaning of a phrase.<br><br>Another aspect of pragmatics is its particularity to the culture. This is because different cultures have their own rules regarding what is appropriate to say in different situations. For example, it is acceptable in certain cultures to make eye contact however it is not acceptable in other cultures.<br><br>There are many different views of pragmatics, and a great deal of research is being done in the field. The main areas of study are computational and formal pragmatics theoretic and experimental pragmatics; cross-linguistic and intercultural pragmatics; and pragmatics that are experimental and [https://images.google.com.sv/url?q=https://lehmann-hertz.federatedjournals.com/what-the-10-most-stupid-pragmatic-sugar-rush-failures-of-all-time-could-have-been-prevented 프라그마틱 카지노] [https://tagoverflow.stream/story.php?title=what-is-the-heck-is-pragmatic-free-slots 프라그마틱 슬롯 팁] 하는법 ([https://wikimapia.org/external_link?url=http://nutris.net/members/eggnogbottom1/activity/1819275/ Https://Wikimapia.Org]) clinical.<br><br>What is the relationship between Free Pragmatics and to Explanatory Pragmatics?<br><br>The discipline of pragmatics is concerned with the way meaning is conveyed by the language in a context. It evaluates the way in which the speaker's intentions and beliefs influence interpretation, and focuses less on grammatical features of the utterance than on what is said. Pragmaticians are linguists who focus in pragmatics. The subject of pragmatics is closely related to other linguistics areas, such as syntax, semantics, [https://itkvariat.com/user/letterhandle84/ 프라그마틱 슬롯 추천] and the philosophy of language.<br><br>In recent times the field of pragmatics has evolved in a variety of directions. These include computational linguistics as well as conversational pragmatics. There is a wide range of research that is conducted in these areas, addressing topics such as the significance of lexical features as well as the interaction between language and discourse and the nature of the concept of meaning.<br><br>One of the most important questions in the philosophical discussion of pragmatics is whether it is possible to provide an accurate, systematic understanding of the semantics/pragmatics interface. Some philosophers have claimed that it's not (e.g. Morris 1938, Kaplan 1989). Other philosophers have argued that the distinction between pragmatics and semantics is not well-defined and that they are the same thing.<br><br>The debate between these positions is often a back and forth affair scholars argue that certain phenomena fall under the umbrella of semantics or pragmatics. For example, some scholars argue that if an expression has an actual truth-conditional meaning, then it is semantics. On the other hand, other argue that the fact that an expression may be interpreted in various ways is pragmatics.<br><br>Other pragmatics researchers have taken an alternative approach. They argue that the truth-conditional interpretation of a sentence is just one of many possible interpretations, and that all interpretations are valid. This is often described as "far-side pragmatics".<br><br>Recent work in pragmatics has sought to integrate semantic and far-side approaches, attempting to capture the entire range of possibilities of an utterance's interpretation by describing how a speaker's intentions and beliefs influence the interpretation. For example, Champollion et al. (2019) combine the Gricean game theory model of the Rational Speech Act framework with technological innovations from Franke and Bergen (2020). This model predicts that the listeners will entertain a variety of possible exhaustified versions of a speech that contains the universal FCI any and this is what makes the exclusiveness implicature so robust as in comparison to other possible implicatures.

Revision as of 07:45, 24 January 2025

What is Pragmatics?

Pragmatics is a study of the connection between language and context. It poses questions such as: What do people really mean when they use words?

It's a philosophy that is based on practical and reasonable actions. It's in contrast to idealism, the notion that you must abide to your beliefs.

What is Pragmatics?

The study of pragmatics examines how language users communicate and interact with each and with each other. It is often seen as a part or language, but it is different from semantics since it focuses on what the user is trying to communicate, not on what the actual meaning is.

As a field of research it is still young and its research has expanded rapidly in the last few decades. It has been mostly an academic field of study within linguistics, however it also has an impact on research in other fields such as speech-language pathology, psychology sociolinguistics, and the study of anthropology.

There are a variety of approaches to pragmatics that have contributed to the development and growth of this discipline. One perspective is the Gricean pragmatics approach, which is based primarily on the notion of intention and its interaction with the speaker's understanding of the listener's comprehension. Other perspectives on pragmatics include conceptual and lexical aspects of pragmatics. These views have contributed to the diversity of subjects that pragmatics researchers have studied.

Research in pragmatics has been focused on a variety of subjects such as L2 pragmatic understanding, request production by EFL learners and the role of theory of mind in physical and mental metaphors. It is also applied to cultural and social phenomena, including political discourse, discriminatory language, and interpersonal communication. Pragmatics researchers also have employed a variety of methodologies, from experimental to sociocultural.

Figure 9A-C shows that the size of the knowledge base on pragmatics is different depending on which database is utilized. The US and the UK are among the top contributors to pragmatics research, but their rankings differ by database. This is due to pragmatics being a multidisciplinary area that intersects other disciplines.

It is therefore difficult to determine the top pragmatics authors by the number of their publications. However, it is possible to identify the most influential authors by examining their contributions to the field of pragmatics. Bambini, for example, has contributed to pragmatics with concepts like conversational implicititure and politeness theories. Other authors who have been influential in the field of pragmatics are Grice, Saul and Kasper.

What is Free Pragmatics?

The study of pragmatics is more concerned with the contexts and the users of language rather than with truth or reference, or grammar. It examines the ways that an phrase can be interpreted as meaning different things from different contexts as well as those triggered by indexicality or ambiguity. It also focuses on strategies that listeners employ to determine whether utterances are intended to be communicative. It is closely related to the theory of conversational implicature, which was developed by Paul Grice.

The boundaries between these two disciplines are a matter of debate. While the distinction between these two disciplines is well-known, it is not always clear where the lines should be drawn. For instance philosophers have suggested that the concept of sentence's meaning is a part of semantics while others have claimed that this sort of thing should be viewed as a pragmatic issue.

Another controversy concerns whether pragmatics is a subfield of philosophy of languages or a branch of the study of the study of linguistics. Some researchers have argued pragmatics is an independent discipline and should be treated as part of linguistics, along with phonology. syntax, semantics etc. Others have suggested the study of pragmatics is an aspect of philosophy because it deals with the way in which our beliefs about the meaning of language and how it is used influence our theories about how languages work.

The debate has been fuelled by a number of key issues that are central to the study of pragmatism. Some scholars have argued for instance, that pragmatics isn't an academic discipline in and of itself since it studies how people perceive and use the language, 프라그마틱 이미지 without necessarily referring to facts about what actually was said. This sort of approach is called far-side pragmatics. Some scholars, however have argued that this research ought to be considered a discipline of its own because it studies how social and cultural influences affect the meaning and usage of language. This is referred to as near-side pragmatics.

Other areas of discussion in pragmatics are the ways we think about the nature of the utterance interpretation process as an inferential process and the role that primary pragmatic processes play in the determination of what is being said by a speaker in a given sentence. These are issues that are more thoroughly discussed in the papers of Recanati and Bach. Both of these papers discuss the notions of saturation as well as free pragmatic enrichment, which are crucial pragmatic processes in the sense that they aid in shaping the meaning of an utterance.

What is the difference between Free Pragmatics and from Explanatory Pragmatics?

The study of pragmatics focuses on how context affects linguistic meaning. It examines how language is used in social interaction, and the relationship between the speaker and the interpreter. Pragmaticians are linguists that focus on pragmatics.

Many different theories of pragmatics have been developed over the years. Some, such as Gricean pragmatics, focus on the intention of communication of a speaker. Relevance Theory for instance, focuses on the processes of understanding that take place when listeners interpret the meaning of utterances. Some pragmatic approaches have been incorporated with other disciplines like cognitive science or philosophy.

There are also differing views on the borderline of pragmatics and semantics. Morris is one philosopher who believes that pragmatics and semantics are two different topics. He argues that semantics is concerned with the relationship between signs and objects they could or might not represent, while pragmatics is concerned with the use of words in the context.

Other philosophers, including Bach and Harnish, have argued that pragmatics is a subfield within semantics. They distinguish between "near-side" and "far-side" pragmatics. Near-side pragmatics concentrates on what is said, while far-side pragmatics focuses on the logical implications of saying something. They argue that a portion of the 'pragmatics' that accompany an expression are already determined by semantics, while the rest is determined by pragmatic processes of inference.

One of the most important aspects of pragmatics is that it is a context-dependent phenomenon. This means that a single utterance could have different meanings based on factors such as ambiguity or indexicality. Discourse structure, beliefs of the speaker and intentions, as well as expectations of the listener can alter the meaning of a phrase.

Another aspect of pragmatics is its particularity to the culture. This is because different cultures have their own rules regarding what is appropriate to say in different situations. For example, it is acceptable in certain cultures to make eye contact however it is not acceptable in other cultures.

There are many different views of pragmatics, and a great deal of research is being done in the field. The main areas of study are computational and formal pragmatics theoretic and experimental pragmatics; cross-linguistic and intercultural pragmatics; and pragmatics that are experimental and 프라그마틱 카지노 프라그마틱 슬롯 팁 하는법 (Https://Wikimapia.Org) clinical.

What is the relationship between Free Pragmatics and to Explanatory Pragmatics?

The discipline of pragmatics is concerned with the way meaning is conveyed by the language in a context. It evaluates the way in which the speaker's intentions and beliefs influence interpretation, and focuses less on grammatical features of the utterance than on what is said. Pragmaticians are linguists who focus in pragmatics. The subject of pragmatics is closely related to other linguistics areas, such as syntax, semantics, 프라그마틱 슬롯 추천 and the philosophy of language.

In recent times the field of pragmatics has evolved in a variety of directions. These include computational linguistics as well as conversational pragmatics. There is a wide range of research that is conducted in these areas, addressing topics such as the significance of lexical features as well as the interaction between language and discourse and the nature of the concept of meaning.

One of the most important questions in the philosophical discussion of pragmatics is whether it is possible to provide an accurate, systematic understanding of the semantics/pragmatics interface. Some philosophers have claimed that it's not (e.g. Morris 1938, Kaplan 1989). Other philosophers have argued that the distinction between pragmatics and semantics is not well-defined and that they are the same thing.

The debate between these positions is often a back and forth affair scholars argue that certain phenomena fall under the umbrella of semantics or pragmatics. For example, some scholars argue that if an expression has an actual truth-conditional meaning, then it is semantics. On the other hand, other argue that the fact that an expression may be interpreted in various ways is pragmatics.

Other pragmatics researchers have taken an alternative approach. They argue that the truth-conditional interpretation of a sentence is just one of many possible interpretations, and that all interpretations are valid. This is often described as "far-side pragmatics".

Recent work in pragmatics has sought to integrate semantic and far-side approaches, attempting to capture the entire range of possibilities of an utterance's interpretation by describing how a speaker's intentions and beliefs influence the interpretation. For example, Champollion et al. (2019) combine the Gricean game theory model of the Rational Speech Act framework with technological innovations from Franke and Bergen (2020). This model predicts that the listeners will entertain a variety of possible exhaustified versions of a speech that contains the universal FCI any and this is what makes the exclusiveness implicature so robust as in comparison to other possible implicatures.