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What is Pragmatics?<br><br>Pragmatics is the study of the connection between context, language and meaning. It deals with questions like: What do people mean by the words they use?<br><br>It's a philosophy of practical and reasonable action. It is in contrast to idealism, which is the belief that you should always stick to your convictions.<br><br>What is Pragmatics?<br><br>The study of pragmatics examines how people who speak a language interact and communicate with one other. It is usually thought of as a component of language however, it differs from semantics in the sense that pragmatics looks at what the user is trying to convey rather than what the meaning actually is.<br><br>As a field of research it is still young and its research has grown rapidly over the last few decades. It is a linguistics-related academic field but it has also had an impact on research in other fields such as psychology, sociolinguistics and anthropology.<br><br>There are a variety of methods of pragmatics that have contributed to the growth and development of this discipline. For example, one perspective is the Gricean approach to pragmatics, that focuses on the concept of intention and how it relates to the speaker's comprehension of the listener's. Other perspectives on pragmatics include the conceptual and lexical aspects of pragmatics. These perspectives have contributed to the variety of subjects that researchers in pragmatics have studied.<br><br>The study of pragmatics has covered a wide range of subjects, including pragmatic comprehension in L2 and demand production by EFL students, and the significance of the theory of mind in mental and physical metaphors. It has been applied to social and cultural phenomena like political discourse, [https://gatherbookmarks.com/story18730363/20-resources-that-will-make-you-more-efficient-at-pragmatic-play 프라그마틱 플레이] discriminatory speech and interpersonal communication. Researchers studying pragmatics have employed diverse methodologies from experimental to sociocultural.<br><br>Figure 9A-C illustrates that the size of the knowledge base for pragmatics varies according to the database used. The US and the UK are among the top researchers in pragmatics research, yet their positions differ based on the database. This is due to the fact that pragmatics is a multidisciplinary field that intersects with other disciplines.<br><br>This makes it difficult to rank the top authors in pragmatics by the number of publications they have. It is possible to identify influential authors by examining their contributions to pragmatics. For instance Bambini's contribution to the field of pragmatics includes pioneering concepts like conversational implicature and politeness theory. Other highly influential authors in pragmatics include Grice, Saul and Kasper.<br><br>What is Free Pragmatics?<br><br>The study of pragmatics is more concerned with the contexts and language users as opposed to the study of truth grammar, reference, or. It focuses on how a single utterance may be understood differently in different contexts. This includes ambiguity as well as indexicality. It also focuses on the strategies that hearers use to determine if phrases are intended to be communicated. It is closely connected to the theory of conversational implicature which was developed by Paul Grice.<br><br>The boundaries between these two disciplines are a matter of debate. While the distinction is widely known, it isn't always clear where they should be drawn. For example, some philosophers have argued that the concept of sentence's meaning is a part of semantics while others have claimed that this sort of thing should be considered as a pragmatic problem.<br><br>Another area of debate is whether the study of pragmatics should be considered an linguistics-related branch or a part of the philosophy of language. Some researchers have suggested that pragmatics is an autonomous discipline and should be treated as part of linguistics along with the study of phonology. syntax, semantics, etc. Others have suggested that the study of pragmatics should be viewed as an aspect of philosophy of language since it focuses on the ways that our ideas about the meanings and functions of language affect our theories of how languages function.<br><br>This debate has been fueled by a number of key questions that are essential to the study of pragmatics. Some scholars have suggested for instance that pragmatics isn't a subject by itself because it studies how people interpret and use the language, without necessarily referring back to facts about what was actually said. This sort of approach is known as far-side pragmatics. Some scholars, however have argued that this field ought to be considered an academic discipline since it studies how cultural and social influences affect the meaning and use of language. This is known as near-side pragmatism.<br><br>Other topics of discussion in pragmatics include the way in which we understand the nature of utterance interpretation as an inferential process and the role that the primary pragmatic processes play in the analysis of what is said by the speaker in a particular sentence. Recanati and Bach examine these issues in greater in depth. Both papers address the notions of saturation and [https://pragmatickr99876.ja-blog.com/29894709/10-things-you-learned-in-kindergarden-which-will-aid-you-in-obtaining-pragmatic-free-slots 프라그마틱 무료 슬롯] 정품 ([https://zanybookmarks.com/story18179800/the-main-issue-with-pragmatic-free-trial-slot-buff-and-how-to-fix-it this site]) free enrichment in the context of a pragmatic. These are crucial processes that influence the meaning of utterances.<br><br>What is the difference between free and explanatory Pragmatics?<br><br>The study of pragmatics examines how context affects linguistic meaning. It examines how language is used in social interactions, and the relationship between the interpreter and the speaker. Linguists who specialize in pragmatics are referred to as pragmaticians.<br><br>Over the years, many different theories of pragmatism have been proposed. Some, like Gricean pragmatics focus on the communicative intent of the speaker. Relevance Theory for instance is focused on the processes of understanding that occur when listeners interpret the meaning of utterances. Some approaches to pragmatics have been merged with other disciplines, like cognitive science and philosophy.<br><br>There are different opinions regarding the boundary between pragmatics and semantics. Certain philosophers, [https://bookmarkyourpage.com/story3369466/the-history-of-pragmatic-return-rate-in-10-milestones 무료슬롯 프라그마틱] 공식홈페이지 - [https://cyberbookmarking.com/story18038592/this-is-the-intermediate-guide-on-pragmatic-game Https://Cyberbookmarking.Com/Story18038592/This-Is-The-Intermediate-Guide-On-Pragmatic-Game], such as Morris believes that pragmatics and semantics are two distinct subjects. He says that semantics deals with the relationship of signs to objects that they could or may not denote, whereas pragmatics is concerned with the usage of words in context.<br><br>Other philosophers such as Bach and Harnish have argued that pragmatism is a subfield within semantics. They define "near-side" and "far-side" pragmatics. Near-side pragmatics focuses on the content of what is said, while far-side focuses on the logical implications of uttering a phrase. They claim that semantics determines some of the pragmatics of an utterance, while other pragmatics is determined by pragmatic processes.<br><br>One of the most important aspects of pragmatics is that it is context dependent. This means that a single word may have different meanings depending on factors like indexicality or ambiguity. Other factors that could alter the meaning of an utterance include the structure of the discourse, speaker intentions and beliefs, as well as the expectations of the listener.<br><br>A second aspect of pragmatics is its cultural specificity. This is because different cultures have their own rules regarding what is appropriate to say in different situations. For example, it is acceptable in certain cultures to make eye contact while it is rude in other cultures.<br><br>There are many different views of pragmatics, and lots of research is being done in the field. Some of the most important areas of study are computational and formal pragmatics as well as experimental and theoretical pragmatics; cross-cultural and intercultural pragmatics; as well as pragmatics in the clinical and experimental sense.<br><br>What is the relationship between Free Pragmatics and to Explanatory Pragmatics?<br><br>The pragmatics discipline is concerned with the way meaning is conveyed by language in context. It examines the ways in which the speaker's intention and beliefs contribute to interpretation, [https://tornadosocial.com/story3523966/the-12-most-popular-pragmatic-official-website-accounts-to-follow-on-twitter 프라그마틱 슬롯 추천] focusing less on grammaral characteristics of the expression instead of what is being said. Pragmaticians are linguists who specialize in pragmatics. The topic of pragmatics is closely related to other areas of linguistics such as semantics, syntax and philosophy of language.<br><br>In recent years the field of pragmatics has developed in many different directions. This includes computational linguistics and conversational pragmatics. These areas are characterized by a broad range of research that addresses issues like lexical characteristics and the interaction between language, discourse, and meaning.<br><br>One of the most important issues in the philosophical discussion of pragmatics is whether or not it is possible to develop an exhaustive, systematic view of the semantics/pragmatics interface. Some philosophers have claimed that it's not (e.g. Morris 1938, Kaplan 1989). Other philosophers have argued that the distinction between pragmatics and semantics is not clear, and that they are the identical.<br><br>It is not uncommon for scholars to argue back and forth between these two views, arguing that certain phenomena are either semantics or pragmatics. For example some scholars believe that if an utterance has an actual truth-conditional meaning, then it is semantics, whereas others believe that the fact that a statement may be interpreted in various ways is pragmatics.<br><br>Other researchers in pragmatics have taken a different stance in arguing that the truth-conditional meaning a utterance has is only one of many ways in which the expression can be understood, and that all of these interpretations are valid. This approach is often described as "far-side pragmatics".<br><br>Recent research in pragmatics has sought to integrate semantic and distant side approaches. It attempts to capture the full range of interpretational possibilities for a speaker's utterance by illustrating how the speaker's beliefs and intentions affect the interpretation. For example, Champollion et al. The 2019 version incorporates an inverse Gricean model of Rational Speech Act framework, with technological innovations created by Franke and Bergen. This model predicts that listeners will entertain a variety of possible exhaustified versions of a utterance that contains the universal FCI any which is what makes the exclusiveness implicature so robust as contrasted to other possible implicatures.
What is Pragmatics?<br><br>Pragmatics is the study of the connection between context, language and meaning. It addresses issues like: What do people mean by the terms they use?<br><br>It's a philosophy that is focused on practical and reasonable actions. It is in contrast to idealism, which is the belief that you must abide by your principles.<br><br>What is Pragmatics?<br><br>Pragmatics is the study of ways that people who speak find meaning from and each one another. It is usually thought of as a part of the language however, it differs from semantics in the sense that pragmatics examines what the user intends to convey rather than what the meaning actually is.<br><br>As a field of research the field of pragmatics is still relatively new and its research has expanded rapidly in the last few decades. It has been mostly an academic field of study within linguistics, however it also influences research in other fields such as psychology, speech-language pathology, sociolinguistics and Anthropology.<br><br>There are many different methods of pragmatics that have contributed to the growth and development of this discipline. One example is the Gricean approach to pragmatics which focuses on the notion of intention and how it interacts with the speaker's comprehension of the listener's. Conceptual and lexical perspectives on pragmatics are likewise perspectives on the subject. These perspectives have contributed to the diversity of topics that researchers in pragmatics have studied.<br><br>The study of pragmatics has covered a vast variety of topics, including pragmatic comprehension in L2 and demand production by EFL students, as well as the importance of the theory of mind in physical and mental metaphors. It has been applied to cultural and social phenomena like political speech, discriminatory speech, and interpersonal communication. Pragmatics researchers also have employed a variety of methodologies from experimental to sociocultural.<br><br>The amount of knowledge base in pragmatics is different according to the database used, as shown in Figure 9A-C. The US and the UK are two of the top contributors in research on pragmatics. However, their position differs based on the database. This is because pragmatics is multidisciplinary and interspersed with other disciplines.<br><br>It is therefore difficult to determine the top authors in pragmatics solely by the number of their publications. It is possible to determine influential authors based on their contributions to the field of pragmatics. Bambini is one example. He has contributed to pragmatics by introducing concepts like conversational implicititure and politeness theories. Other authors who have been influential in pragmatics include Grice, Saul and Kasper.<br><br>What is Free Pragmatics?<br><br>The study of pragmatics is more concerned with the contexts and language users as opposed to the study of truth, reference, or grammar. It examines how a single utterance may be understood differently in different contexts. This includes ambiguity as well as indexicality. It also examines the methods that listeners employ to determine which words are meant to be communicative. It is closely related to the theory of conversational implicature, pioneered by Paul Grice.<br><br>The boundaries between these two disciplines is a matter of debate. While the distinction is widely known, it isn't always clear where they should be drawn. Some philosophers argue that the concept of sentence meaning is a component of semantics, while others insist that this particular issue should be viewed as pragmatic.<br><br>Another controversy concerns whether pragmatics is a branch of philosophy of languages or a part of the study of linguistics. Some researchers have suggested that pragmatics is a subject in its own right and should be considered an independent part of the field of linguistics, alongside syntax, phonology, semantics, etc. Others, however have argued the study of pragmatics is an aspect of philosophy because it deals with how our notions of the meaning and use of languages influence our theories on how languages function.<br><br>This debate has been fueled by a few key questions that are essential to the study of pragmatics. Some scholars have suggested for instance, that pragmatics isn't an academic discipline in its own right because it studies how people interpret and use language without necessarily referring to facts about what actually was said. This type of approach is referred to as far-side pragmatics. Others, however, have argued that this study should be considered a field in its own right because it examines the manner in which the meaning and [https://yogaasanas.science/wiki/10_Real_Reasons_People_Dislike_Pragmatic_Product_Authentication_Pragmatic_Product_Authentication 프라그마틱 슬롯 환수율] 순위 ([https://brooks-lerche.thoughtlanes.net/10-pragmatic-experience-tricks-experts-recommend/ brooks-lerche.thoughtlanes.net]) use of language is affected by cultural and social factors. This is called near-side pragmatism.<br><br>The field of pragmatics also discusses the inferential nature of utterances as well as the importance of the primary pragmatic processes in determining the meaning of what a speaker is expressing in the sentence. These are the issues discussed a bit more extensively in the papers of Recanati and Bach. Both papers explore the notions saturation and free pragmatic enrichment. These are significant pragmatic processes that shape the overall meaning an utterance.<br><br>What is the difference between Free Pragmatics and from Explanatory Pragmatics?<br><br>Pragmatics is the study of the role that context plays to the meaning of a language. It analyzes how human language is used in social interactions, and the relationship between the speaker and the interpreter. Pragmaticians are linguists who focus in pragmatics.<br><br>Over the years, many different theories of pragmatism were developed. Some, such as Gricean pragmatics, focus on the intention of communication of a speaker. Relevance Theory for instance is a study of the processes of understanding that occur when listeners interpret utterances. Some approaches to pragmatics have been combined with other disciplines, such as philosophy and  [https://wallwheel4.bravejournal.net/11-creative-methods-to-write-about-pragmatic-play 프라그마틱] 슬롯 팁 ([https://humanlove.stream/wiki/The_LittleKnown_Benefits_Of_Pragmatic humanlove.Stream]) cognitive science.<br><br>There are also a variety of opinions on the boundary between pragmatics and semantics. Some philosophers, like Morris believes that pragmatics and semantics are two distinct topics. He says that semantics deal with the relation of signs to objects which they may or not denote, whereas pragmatics deals with the use of words in a context.<br><br>Other philosophers, such as Bach and Harnish have suggested that pragmatism is an subfield within semantics. They distinguish between "near-side" and "far-side" pragmatics. Near-side pragmatics concerns the content of what is said, while far-side focuses on the logic implications of uttering a phrase. They argue that a portion of the 'pragmatics' in an expression are already influenced by semantics, while other 'pragmatics' is determined by pragmatic processes of inference.<br><br>One of the most important aspects of pragmatics is that it is a context-dependent phenomenon. This means that a single word may have different meanings depending on the context, such as ambiguity or indexicality. The structure of the conversation, the beliefs of the speaker and intentions, as well expectations of the audience can also alter the meaning of a phrase.<br><br>Another aspect of pragmatics is that it is a matter of culture. This is because different cultures have different rules for what is appropriate to say in various situations. In certain cultures, it's considered polite to keep eye contact. In other cultures, it's rude.<br><br>There are many different views of pragmatics, and lots of research is conducted in this field. There are a myriad of areas of research, including formal and computational pragmatics theoretic and experimental pragmatics, cross and intercultural pragmatics in linguistics, and clinical and experimentative pragmatics.<br><br>What is the relationship between Free Pragmatics and to Explanatory Pragmatics?<br><br>The pragmatics discipline is concerned with how meaning is communicated through the language used in its context. It analyzes how the speaker's intentions and beliefs contribute to interpretation, focusing less on the grammatical aspects of the speech instead of what is being said. Pragmaticians are linguists who focus in pragmatics. The topic of pragmatics has a connection to other areas of the study of linguistics such as semantics and syntax or the philosophy of language.<br><br>In recent years the field of pragmatics has grown in several different directions, including computational linguistics, pragmatics in conversation, and theoretical pragmatics. There is a wide range of research that is conducted in these areas, with a focus on topics such as the role of lexical elements, the interaction between discourse and language and the nature of the concept of meaning.<br><br>One of the most important issues in the philosophical debate of pragmatics is whether or not it is possible to have an exhaustive, systematic view of the semantics/pragmatics interface. Some philosophers have suggested that it is not (e.g. Morris 1938, Kaplan 1989). Other philosophers have claimed that the distinction between pragmatics and semantics is unclear and that pragmatics and semantics are really the identical.<br><br>The debate between these positions is often an ongoing debate, with scholars arguing that certain phenomena fall under the rubric of either semantics or pragmatics. For instance, some scholars argue that if a statement has the literal truth-conditional meaning, it is semantics, while other argue that the fact that a statement can be interpreted in a variety of ways is a sign of pragmatics.<br><br>Other pragmatics researchers have adopted an alternative route. They claim that the truth-conditional interpretation of a sentence is just one of many possible interpretations and [https://imoodle.win/wiki/11_Faux_Pas_That_Are_Actually_Okay_To_Create_With_Your_Pragmatic_Slots_Experience 프라그마틱 슈가러쉬] that all of them are valid. This is commonly called far-side pragmatics.<br><br>Recent research in pragmatics has attempted to combine semantic and far side approaches. It attempts to represent the entire range of interpretive possibilities for a speaker's utterance, by modeling how the speaker's beliefs and intentions affect the interpretation. For example, Champollion et al. (2019) combine a Gricean game-theoretic model of the Rational Speech Act framework with technological innovations from Franke and Bergen (2020). The model predicts that listeners will be able to consider a variety of possible exhaustified versions of a utterance that contains the universal FCI any and this is what makes the exclusiveness implicature so robust as compared to other plausible implicatures.

Revision as of 08:30, 8 January 2025

What is Pragmatics?

Pragmatics is the study of the connection between context, language and meaning. It addresses issues like: What do people mean by the terms they use?

It's a philosophy that is focused on practical and reasonable actions. It is in contrast to idealism, which is the belief that you must abide by your principles.

What is Pragmatics?

Pragmatics is the study of ways that people who speak find meaning from and each one another. It is usually thought of as a part of the language however, it differs from semantics in the sense that pragmatics examines what the user intends to convey rather than what the meaning actually is.

As a field of research the field of pragmatics is still relatively new and its research has expanded rapidly in the last few decades. It has been mostly an academic field of study within linguistics, however it also influences research in other fields such as psychology, speech-language pathology, sociolinguistics and Anthropology.

There are many different methods of pragmatics that have contributed to the growth and development of this discipline. One example is the Gricean approach to pragmatics which focuses on the notion of intention and how it interacts with the speaker's comprehension of the listener's. Conceptual and lexical perspectives on pragmatics are likewise perspectives on the subject. These perspectives have contributed to the diversity of topics that researchers in pragmatics have studied.

The study of pragmatics has covered a vast variety of topics, including pragmatic comprehension in L2 and demand production by EFL students, as well as the importance of the theory of mind in physical and mental metaphors. It has been applied to cultural and social phenomena like political speech, discriminatory speech, and interpersonal communication. Pragmatics researchers also have employed a variety of methodologies from experimental to sociocultural.

The amount of knowledge base in pragmatics is different according to the database used, as shown in Figure 9A-C. The US and the UK are two of the top contributors in research on pragmatics. However, their position differs based on the database. This is because pragmatics is multidisciplinary and interspersed with other disciplines.

It is therefore difficult to determine the top authors in pragmatics solely by the number of their publications. It is possible to determine influential authors based on their contributions to the field of pragmatics. Bambini is one example. He has contributed to pragmatics by introducing concepts like conversational implicititure and politeness theories. Other authors who have been influential in pragmatics include Grice, Saul and Kasper.

What is Free Pragmatics?

The study of pragmatics is more concerned with the contexts and language users as opposed to the study of truth, reference, or grammar. It examines how a single utterance may be understood differently in different contexts. This includes ambiguity as well as indexicality. It also examines the methods that listeners employ to determine which words are meant to be communicative. It is closely related to the theory of conversational implicature, pioneered by Paul Grice.

The boundaries between these two disciplines is a matter of debate. While the distinction is widely known, it isn't always clear where they should be drawn. Some philosophers argue that the concept of sentence meaning is a component of semantics, while others insist that this particular issue should be viewed as pragmatic.

Another controversy concerns whether pragmatics is a branch of philosophy of languages or a part of the study of linguistics. Some researchers have suggested that pragmatics is a subject in its own right and should be considered an independent part of the field of linguistics, alongside syntax, phonology, semantics, etc. Others, however have argued the study of pragmatics is an aspect of philosophy because it deals with how our notions of the meaning and use of languages influence our theories on how languages function.

This debate has been fueled by a few key questions that are essential to the study of pragmatics. Some scholars have suggested for instance, that pragmatics isn't an academic discipline in its own right because it studies how people interpret and use language without necessarily referring to facts about what actually was said. This type of approach is referred to as far-side pragmatics. Others, however, have argued that this study should be considered a field in its own right because it examines the manner in which the meaning and 프라그마틱 슬롯 환수율 순위 (brooks-lerche.thoughtlanes.net) use of language is affected by cultural and social factors. This is called near-side pragmatism.

The field of pragmatics also discusses the inferential nature of utterances as well as the importance of the primary pragmatic processes in determining the meaning of what a speaker is expressing in the sentence. These are the issues discussed a bit more extensively in the papers of Recanati and Bach. Both papers explore the notions saturation and free pragmatic enrichment. These are significant pragmatic processes that shape the overall meaning an utterance.

What is the difference between Free Pragmatics and from Explanatory Pragmatics?

Pragmatics is the study of the role that context plays to the meaning of a language. It analyzes how human language is used in social interactions, and the relationship between the speaker and the interpreter. Pragmaticians are linguists who focus in pragmatics.

Over the years, many different theories of pragmatism were developed. Some, such as Gricean pragmatics, focus on the intention of communication of a speaker. Relevance Theory for instance is a study of the processes of understanding that occur when listeners interpret utterances. Some approaches to pragmatics have been combined with other disciplines, such as philosophy and 프라그마틱 슬롯 팁 (humanlove.Stream) cognitive science.

There are also a variety of opinions on the boundary between pragmatics and semantics. Some philosophers, like Morris believes that pragmatics and semantics are two distinct topics. He says that semantics deal with the relation of signs to objects which they may or not denote, whereas pragmatics deals with the use of words in a context.

Other philosophers, such as Bach and Harnish have suggested that pragmatism is an subfield within semantics. They distinguish between "near-side" and "far-side" pragmatics. Near-side pragmatics concerns the content of what is said, while far-side focuses on the logic implications of uttering a phrase. They argue that a portion of the 'pragmatics' in an expression are already influenced by semantics, while other 'pragmatics' is determined by pragmatic processes of inference.

One of the most important aspects of pragmatics is that it is a context-dependent phenomenon. This means that a single word may have different meanings depending on the context, such as ambiguity or indexicality. The structure of the conversation, the beliefs of the speaker and intentions, as well expectations of the audience can also alter the meaning of a phrase.

Another aspect of pragmatics is that it is a matter of culture. This is because different cultures have different rules for what is appropriate to say in various situations. In certain cultures, it's considered polite to keep eye contact. In other cultures, it's rude.

There are many different views of pragmatics, and lots of research is conducted in this field. There are a myriad of areas of research, including formal and computational pragmatics theoretic and experimental pragmatics, cross and intercultural pragmatics in linguistics, and clinical and experimentative pragmatics.

What is the relationship between Free Pragmatics and to Explanatory Pragmatics?

The pragmatics discipline is concerned with how meaning is communicated through the language used in its context. It analyzes how the speaker's intentions and beliefs contribute to interpretation, focusing less on the grammatical aspects of the speech instead of what is being said. Pragmaticians are linguists who focus in pragmatics. The topic of pragmatics has a connection to other areas of the study of linguistics such as semantics and syntax or the philosophy of language.

In recent years the field of pragmatics has grown in several different directions, including computational linguistics, pragmatics in conversation, and theoretical pragmatics. There is a wide range of research that is conducted in these areas, with a focus on topics such as the role of lexical elements, the interaction between discourse and language and the nature of the concept of meaning.

One of the most important issues in the philosophical debate of pragmatics is whether or not it is possible to have an exhaustive, systematic view of the semantics/pragmatics interface. Some philosophers have suggested that it is not (e.g. Morris 1938, Kaplan 1989). Other philosophers have claimed that the distinction between pragmatics and semantics is unclear and that pragmatics and semantics are really the identical.

The debate between these positions is often an ongoing debate, with scholars arguing that certain phenomena fall under the rubric of either semantics or pragmatics. For instance, some scholars argue that if a statement has the literal truth-conditional meaning, it is semantics, while other argue that the fact that a statement can be interpreted in a variety of ways is a sign of pragmatics.

Other pragmatics researchers have adopted an alternative route. They claim that the truth-conditional interpretation of a sentence is just one of many possible interpretations and 프라그마틱 슈가러쉬 that all of them are valid. This is commonly called far-side pragmatics.

Recent research in pragmatics has attempted to combine semantic and far side approaches. It attempts to represent the entire range of interpretive possibilities for a speaker's utterance, by modeling how the speaker's beliefs and intentions affect the interpretation. For example, Champollion et al. (2019) combine a Gricean game-theoretic model of the Rational Speech Act framework with technological innovations from Franke and Bergen (2020). The model predicts that listeners will be able to consider a variety of possible exhaustified versions of a utterance that contains the universal FCI any and this is what makes the exclusiveness implicature so robust as compared to other plausible implicatures.