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What is Pragmatics?<br><br>Pragmatics examines the relationship between context and language. It addresses issues such as: What do people mean by the words they use?<br><br>It's a philosophy that is focused on sensible and practical actions. It differs from idealism which is the belief that one should adhere to their principles no matter what.<br><br>What is Pragmatics?<br><br>Pragmatics is the study of ways that people who speak gain meaning from and each one another. It is often seen as a component of language, but it differs from semantics since it concentrates on what the user is trying to convey and not what the meaning is.<br><br>As a field of research the field of pragmatics is still relatively new and its research has expanded quickly in the past few decades. It is primarily an academic field of study within linguistics, however it also influences research in other fields like speech-language pathology, psychology, sociolinguistics, and anthropology.<br><br>There are a variety of perspectives on pragmatics, and they have contributed to its growth and development. One is the Gricean pragmatics approach, which is based primarily on the notion of intention and their interaction with the speaker's understanding of the listener's understanding. Other perspectives on pragmatics include conceptual and lexical approaches to pragmatics. These perspectives have contributed to the wide range of topics that pragmatics researchers have investigated.<br><br>The study of pragmatics has been focused on a broad range of subjects, including L2 pragmatic comprehension, production of requests by EFL learners and the role of the theory of mind in physical and mental metaphors. It has been applied to social and cultural phenomena such as political discourse, discriminatory speech, and interpersonal communication. Pragmatics researchers have also employed diverse methodologies, from experimental to sociocultural.<br><br>The size of the knowledge base in pragmatics is different according to the database used, as shown in Figure 9A-C. The US and UK are two of the top producers in research on pragmatics. However, their rank is dependent on the database. This is because pragmatics is multidisciplinary and interspersed with other disciplines.<br><br>This makes it difficult to classify the top pragmatics authors based on their number of publications alone. However it is possible to identify the most influential authors through analyzing their contributions to pragmatics. Bambini, for example, has contributed to pragmatics through concepts like politeness and conversational implicititure theories. Other authors who have been influential in pragmatics include Grice, Saul and Kasper.<br><br>What is Free Pragmatics?<br><br>The study of pragmatics is more concerned with the contexts and the users of language rather than with truth grammar, reference, or. It studies the ways in which an expression can be interpreted as meaning different things from different contexts, including those caused by ambiguity or indexicality. It also focuses on the methods that listeners employ to determine if phrases are intended to be communicative. It is closely connected to the theory of conversational implicature pioneered by Paul Grice.<br><br>The boundaries between these two disciplines are a matter of debate. While the distinction is well-known, it is not always clear how they should be drawn. Some philosophers believe that the notion of meaning of sentences is a component of semantics, whereas others insist that this particular problem should be treated as pragmatic.<br><br>Another issue is whether pragmatics is a subfield of philosophy of language or a part of the study of linguistics. Some researchers have suggested that pragmatics is an independent discipline and [https://catex187dsu2.blogrelation.com/profile 프라그마틱 슬롯 환수율] should be considered a part of linguistics, along with phonology. Syntax, semantics, etc. Others, however, have suggested that the study of pragmatics should be considered an aspect of philosophy of language because it deals with the ways that our ideas about the meaning and uses of language affect our theories of how languages work.<br><br>The debate has been fuelled by a number of key issues that are fundamental to the study of pragmatism. For instance, some researchers have suggested that pragmatics isn't an academic discipline in and of itself since it studies the ways in which people interpret and use language, without being able to provide any information about what is actually being said. This type of approach is referred to as far-side pragmatics. Others, however, have argued that this study should be considered a field in its own right since it examines the way in which the meaning and usage of language is influenced by social and cultural factors. This is known as near-side pragmatics.<br><br>The pragmatics field also discusses the inferential nature of utterances as well as the significance of the primary pragmatic processes in determining what a speaker means in a sentence. These are the issues discussed a bit more extensively in the papers by Recanati and Bach. Both papers address the notions of saturation as well as free pragmatic enrichment. These are crucial pragmatic processes in that they shape the meaning of an expression.<br><br>What is the difference between free and explanatory Pragmatics?<br><br>Pragmatics is the study of how context contributes to linguistic meaning. It evaluates how human language is used in social interaction, and the relationship between the speaker and the interpreter. Linguists who specialize in pragmatics are called pragmaticians.<br><br>Over the years, many theories of pragmatism have been proposed. Some, like Gricean pragmatics, concentrate on the communicative intention of the speaker. Others, like Relevance Theory are focused on the understanding processes that occur during the interpretation of words by hearers. Some approaches to pragmatics are merged with other disciplines, such as philosophy and cognitive science.<br><br>There are also differing opinions on the boundary between semantics and pragmatics. Morris is one philosopher who believes that semantics and pragmatism are two distinct topics. He states that semantics is concerned with the relationship of signs to objects they may or not denote,  [https://mirrorbookmarks.com/story18234916/the-no-1-question-everybody-working-in-pragmatic-genuine-should-be-able-to-answer 프라그마틱 슬롯 체험] 순위 ([https://hotbookmarkings.com/story18312197/a-an-overview-of-pragmatic-slots-site-from-beginning-to-end Https://Hotbookmarkings.com]) whereas pragmatics is concerned with the usage of words in context.<br><br>Other philosophers, such as Bach and Harnish have suggested that pragmatism is an subfield of semantics. They differentiate between "near-side" and "far-side" pragmatics. Near-side pragmatics concentrates on what is said, whereas far-side pragmatics concentrates on the logical implications of saying something. They argue that a portion of the 'pragmatics' that accompany an expression are already determined by semantics, while other 'pragmatics' is determined by the pragmatic processes of inference.<br><br>One of the most important aspects of pragmatics is that it is contextually dependent. This means that the same phrase can mean different things in different contexts, depending on factors such as ambiguity and indexicality. The structure of the conversation, the beliefs of the speaker and intentions, and expectations of the audience can also alter the meaning of a phrase.<br><br>Another aspect of pragmatics is its particularity to the culture. It is because each culture has its own rules about what is appropriate in different situations. For example, it is polite in some cultures to make eye contact while it is rude in other cultures.<br><br>There are many different perspectives on pragmatics and lots of research is being conducted in this area. There are many different areas of research, including pragmatics that are computational and formal, theoretical and experimental pragmatics, intercultural and cross linguistic pragmatics and pragmatics in the clinical and experimental sense.<br><br>How does Free Pragmatics compare to Explanatory Pragmatics?<br><br>The pragmatics discipline is concerned with the way meaning is communicated through the language used in its context. It analyzes the ways in which the speaker's intention and beliefs contribute to interpretation, focusing less on grammatical features of the utterance rather than what is said. Pragmaticians are linguists who focus on pragmatics. The subject of pragmatics has a link to other areas of the study of linguistics like semantics and syntax,  [https://pragmatic-korea19753.aioblogs.com/83903456/15-secretly-funny-people-working-in-pragmatic-free-slot-buff 프라그마틱 슬롯 조작] or philosophy of language.<br><br>In recent years, the field of pragmatics developed in many different directions. This includes computational linguistics and conversational pragmatics. These areas are characterized by a variety of research, which focuses on aspects like lexical features and the interplay between discourse, language and meaning.<br><br>One of the main questions in the philosophical discussion of pragmatics is whether it is possible to have an exhaustive, systematic view of the pragmatics/semantics interface. Some philosophers have claimed that it is not (e.g. Morris 1938, Kaplan 1989). Other philosophers have argued the distinction between semantics and pragmatics is not well-defined and that they are the identical.<br><br>The debate over these positions is usually an ongoing debate, with scholars arguing that certain events are a part of semantics or pragmatics. Some scholars believe that if a statement is interpreted with a literal truth conditional meaning, it is semantics. Others argue that the fact that a statement can be interpreted in different ways is pragmatics.<br><br>Other pragmatics researchers have taken an alternative route. They argue that the truth-conditional interpretation of a sentence is only one of many possible interpretations and that all of them are valid. This method is often described as "far-side pragmatics".<br><br>Some recent research in pragmatics has tried to integrate both approaches trying to understand the full scope of the possibilities of an utterance's interpretation by modeling how a speaker's intentions and beliefs influence the interpretation. For example, Champollion et al. The 2019 version incorporates an inverse Gricean model of Rational Speech Act framework, with technical innovations developed by Franke and [https://pragmatickr64208.blogs-service.com/61429210/20-fun-facts-about-pragmatic-play 프라그마틱 데모] Bergen. This model predicts listeners will have to entertain a myriad of exhausted parses of an speech utterance that includes the universal FCI Any, and  [https://1001bookmarks.com/story18187735/the-reasons-to-focus-on-making-improvements-in-pragmatic-slot-recommendations 프라그마틱 정품인증] this is the reason why the exclusiveness implicature is so strong when compared to other plausible implications.
What is Pragmatics?<br><br>Pragmatics studies the relationship between context and language. It deals with questions such as what do people mean by the words they use?<br><br>It's a way of thinking that focuses on practical and reasonable actions. It differs from idealism which is the idea that one should adhere to their beliefs no matter what.<br><br>What is Pragmatics?<br><br>Pragmatics is the study of the ways in which language users get meaning from and with each with each other. It is often thought of as a part of a language, however it differs from semantics since it focuses on what the user is trying to communicate, not on what the actual meaning is.<br><br>As a research field the field of pragmatics is relatively new and [https://maps.google.com.sl/url?q=https://ryan-west-2.technetbloggers.de/15-shocking-facts-about-pragmatic-slot-experience-the-words-youve-never-learned 프라그마틱 무료 슬롯버프] its research has grown rapidly over the last few decades. It is a linguistics academic field however, it has also affected research in other areas such as psychology, sociolinguistics, and Anthropology.<br><br>There are a variety of perspectives on pragmatics, and they have contributed to its growth and development. For example, one perspective is the Gricean approach to pragmatics which is focused on the concept of intention and how it affects the speaker's knowledge of the listener's understanding. Conceptual and lexical perspectives on pragmatics are also views on the subject. These perspectives have contributed to the variety of subjects that researchers in pragmatics have researched.<br><br>The study of pragmatics has covered a broad variety of topics, including L2 pragmatic comprehension and request production by EFL students, as well as the significance of the theory of mind in physical and mental metaphors. It has been applied to cultural and social phenomena like political discourse, discriminatory speech, and interpersonal communication. Researchers studying pragmatics have employed various methods from experimental to sociocultural.<br><br>Figure 9A-C demonstrates that the size of the knowledge base for pragmatics varies depending on the database utilized. The US and UK are two of the top contributors in pragmatics research. However, their ranking differs based on the database. This is due to the fact that pragmatics is an interconnected field that is inextricably linked with other disciplines.<br><br>It is therefore difficult to rank the top authors in pragmatics solely based on the quantity of their publications. It is possible to determine influential authors by looking at their contributions to pragmatics. For instance Bambini's contribution in pragmatics is a pioneering concept such as conversational implicature, and politeness theory. Other authors who have been influential in the field of pragmatics include Grice, Saul and Kasper.<br><br>What is Free Pragmatics?<br><br>The study of pragmatics focuses on the users and contexts of language use rather than focusing on reference grammar, truth, or. It examines the ways in which an phrase can be interpreted as meaning various things depending on the context and also those caused by ambiguity or indexicality. It also focuses on the strategies employed by listeners to determine if utterances have a communicative intent. It is closely connected to the theory of conversative implicature which was pioneered by Paul Grice.<br><br>The boundaries between these two disciplines is a matter of debate. While the distinction is widely recognized, it's not always clear where the lines should be drawn. For instance philosophers have suggested that the concept of sentence's meaning is an aspect of semantics, while others have argued that this type of thing should be treated as a pragmatic issue.<br><br>Another area of controversy is whether the study of pragmatics should be regarded as a branch of linguistics or as a component of philosophy of language. Some researchers have argued that pragmatics is a field in its distinct from the other disciplines and should be treated as a distinct part of the field of linguistics, alongside syntax, phonology semantics, etc. Others, however, have argued that the study of pragmatics should be considered an aspect of philosophy of language because it focuses on the ways that our concepts of the meaning and use of language affect our theories about how languages work.<br><br>There are a few key aspects of the study of pragmatics that have fueled the debate. For instance, some researchers have suggested that pragmatics isn't a discipline in and of itself because it studies the ways that people interpret and use language, [https://historydb.date/wiki/From_All_Over_The_Web_The_20_Most_Amazing_Infographics_About_Pragmatic_Game 라이브 카지노] without referring to any facts regarding what is actually being said. This kind of approach is known as far-side pragmatics. Other scholars, however, have argued that this study should be considered a field in its own right, since it examines the ways in which the meaning and use of language is affected by cultural and social factors. This is referred to as near-side pragmatics.<br><br>Other areas of discussion in pragmatics include the way we perceive the nature of the utterance interpretation process as an inferential process and the role that the primary pragmatic processes play in the analysis of what is being said by an individual speaker in a sentence. These are issues that are more thoroughly discussed in the papers by Recanati and Bach. Both papers explore the notions a saturation and a free enrichment of the pragmatic. These are crucial processes that shape the meaning of utterances.<br><br>What is the difference between Free Pragmatics and from Explanatory Pragmatics?<br><br>The study of pragmatics is the way in which context influences the meaning of language. It focuses on how human language is used during social interaction and the relationship between the speaker and interpreter. Pragmaticians are linguists who specialize on pragmatics.<br><br>Over the years, a variety of theories of pragmatism were developed. Some, like Gricean pragmatics, focus on the intention of communication of a speaker. Relevance Theory for instance is a study of the processes of understanding that take place when listeners interpret utterances. Some approaches to pragmatics have been combined with other disciplines, such as philosophy and cognitive science.<br><br>There are also a variety of views on the borderline of pragmatics and semantics. Some philosophers, such as Morris, believe that semantics and pragmatics are two distinct topics. He argues semantics concerns the relationship between signs and objects they could or might not denote whereas pragmatics is concerned with the use of words in a context.<br><br>Other philosophers, including Bach and Harnish have suggested that pragmatics is a subfield within semantics. They distinguish between "near-side" and "far-side" pragmatics. Near-side pragmatics concerns the content of what is said, while far-side is focused on the logical implications of a statement. They argue that semantics already determines the logical implications of a statement, whereas other pragmatics is determined by the pragmatic processes.<br><br>The context is among the most important aspects of pragmatics. This means that the same phrase could have different meanings in different contexts, depending on factors such as ambiguity and indexicality. Other elements that can alter the meaning of an expression include the structure of the discourse, speaker intentions and beliefs, and listener expectations.<br><br>Another aspect of pragmatics is its cultural specificity. This is due to different cultures having their own rules about what is appropriate to say in various situations. For example, it is acceptable in certain cultures to keep eye contact but it is considered rude in other cultures.<br><br>There are various perspectives on pragmatics and lots of research is being conducted in this area. There are a myriad of areas of study, including pragmatics that are computational and formal theoretic and experimental pragmatics, intercultural and cross linguistic pragmatics and pragmatics that are experimental and clinical.<br><br>What is the relationship between Free Pragmatics and to Explanatory Pragmatics?<br><br>The pragmatics discipline is concerned with the way meaning is conveyed by the language used in its context. It is less concerned with the grammatical structure of an utterance and more on what the speaker is saying. Linguists who specialize in pragmatics are referred to as pragmaticians. The subject of pragmatics is connected to other linguistics areas, such as syntax, semantics, and philosophy of language.<br><br>In recent years the field of pragmatics has developed in many different directions. This includes conversational pragmatics and computational linguistics. There is a broad range of research conducted in these areas, with a focus on topics such as the significance of lexical characteristics and the interaction between discourse and language and the nature of meaning itself.<br><br>In the philosophical debate on pragmatics one of the most important questions is whether it is possible to provide a thorough and systematic explanation of the interface between semantics and pragmatics. Some philosophers have argued that it is not (e.g. Morris 1938, Kaplan 1989). Other philosophers have suggested that the distinction between pragmatics and semantics is not clear and that semantics and  [http://www.sorumatix.com/user/weaponthrone6 프라그마틱 슬롯 사이트] [https://stamfordtutor.stamford.edu/profile/guiltyconga7/ 무료 프라그마틱]게임; [http://bbs.xinhaolian.com/home.php?mod=space&uid=4715225 published on bbs.xinhaolian.com], pragmatics are in fact the identical.<br><br>It is not uncommon for scholars to argue back and forth between these two views, arguing that certain phenomena are either semantics or pragmatics. For instance some scholars believe that if an expression has the literal truth-conditional meaning, it is semantics, while others argue that the fact that an utterance can be interpreted in a variety of ways is a sign of pragmatics.<br><br>Other researchers in pragmatics have taken an alternative route. They claim that the truth-conditional interpretation for a statement is only one of many possible interpretations and that all interpretations are valid. This is sometimes referred to as "far-side pragmatics".<br><br>Some recent work in pragmatics has sought to combine semantic and far-side approaches in an effort to comprehend the full range of possibilities of an utterance's interpretation by modeling how a speaker's intentions and beliefs affect the interpretation. For example, Champollion et al. (2019) combine a Gricean game-theoretic model of the Rational Speech Act framework with technological innovations from Franke and Bergen (2020). This model predicts that the listeners will be able to consider a variety of possible exhaustified parses of an utterance containing the universal FCI any, and that this is what makes the exclusivity implicature so strong when contrasted to other possible implicatures.

Revision as of 13:39, 8 January 2025

What is Pragmatics?

Pragmatics studies the relationship between context and language. It deals with questions such as what do people mean by the words they use?

It's a way of thinking that focuses on practical and reasonable actions. It differs from idealism which is the idea that one should adhere to their beliefs no matter what.

What is Pragmatics?

Pragmatics is the study of the ways in which language users get meaning from and with each with each other. It is often thought of as a part of a language, however it differs from semantics since it focuses on what the user is trying to communicate, not on what the actual meaning is.

As a research field the field of pragmatics is relatively new and 프라그마틱 무료 슬롯버프 its research has grown rapidly over the last few decades. It is a linguistics academic field however, it has also affected research in other areas such as psychology, sociolinguistics, and Anthropology.

There are a variety of perspectives on pragmatics, and they have contributed to its growth and development. For example, one perspective is the Gricean approach to pragmatics which is focused on the concept of intention and how it affects the speaker's knowledge of the listener's understanding. Conceptual and lexical perspectives on pragmatics are also views on the subject. These perspectives have contributed to the variety of subjects that researchers in pragmatics have researched.

The study of pragmatics has covered a broad variety of topics, including L2 pragmatic comprehension and request production by EFL students, as well as the significance of the theory of mind in physical and mental metaphors. It has been applied to cultural and social phenomena like political discourse, discriminatory speech, and interpersonal communication. Researchers studying pragmatics have employed various methods from experimental to sociocultural.

Figure 9A-C demonstrates that the size of the knowledge base for pragmatics varies depending on the database utilized. The US and UK are two of the top contributors in pragmatics research. However, their ranking differs based on the database. This is due to the fact that pragmatics is an interconnected field that is inextricably linked with other disciplines.

It is therefore difficult to rank the top authors in pragmatics solely based on the quantity of their publications. It is possible to determine influential authors by looking at their contributions to pragmatics. For instance Bambini's contribution in pragmatics is a pioneering concept such as conversational implicature, and politeness theory. Other authors who have been influential in the field of pragmatics include Grice, Saul and Kasper.

What is Free Pragmatics?

The study of pragmatics focuses on the users and contexts of language use rather than focusing on reference grammar, truth, or. It examines the ways in which an phrase can be interpreted as meaning various things depending on the context and also those caused by ambiguity or indexicality. It also focuses on the strategies employed by listeners to determine if utterances have a communicative intent. It is closely connected to the theory of conversative implicature which was pioneered by Paul Grice.

The boundaries between these two disciplines is a matter of debate. While the distinction is widely recognized, it's not always clear where the lines should be drawn. For instance philosophers have suggested that the concept of sentence's meaning is an aspect of semantics, while others have argued that this type of thing should be treated as a pragmatic issue.

Another area of controversy is whether the study of pragmatics should be regarded as a branch of linguistics or as a component of philosophy of language. Some researchers have argued that pragmatics is a field in its distinct from the other disciplines and should be treated as a distinct part of the field of linguistics, alongside syntax, phonology semantics, etc. Others, however, have argued that the study of pragmatics should be considered an aspect of philosophy of language because it focuses on the ways that our concepts of the meaning and use of language affect our theories about how languages work.

There are a few key aspects of the study of pragmatics that have fueled the debate. For instance, some researchers have suggested that pragmatics isn't a discipline in and of itself because it studies the ways that people interpret and use language, 라이브 카지노 without referring to any facts regarding what is actually being said. This kind of approach is known as far-side pragmatics. Other scholars, however, have argued that this study should be considered a field in its own right, since it examines the ways in which the meaning and use of language is affected by cultural and social factors. This is referred to as near-side pragmatics.

Other areas of discussion in pragmatics include the way we perceive the nature of the utterance interpretation process as an inferential process and the role that the primary pragmatic processes play in the analysis of what is being said by an individual speaker in a sentence. These are issues that are more thoroughly discussed in the papers by Recanati and Bach. Both papers explore the notions a saturation and a free enrichment of the pragmatic. These are crucial processes that shape the meaning of utterances.

What is the difference between Free Pragmatics and from Explanatory Pragmatics?

The study of pragmatics is the way in which context influences the meaning of language. It focuses on how human language is used during social interaction and the relationship between the speaker and interpreter. Pragmaticians are linguists who specialize on pragmatics.

Over the years, a variety of theories of pragmatism were developed. Some, like Gricean pragmatics, focus on the intention of communication of a speaker. Relevance Theory for instance is a study of the processes of understanding that take place when listeners interpret utterances. Some approaches to pragmatics have been combined with other disciplines, such as philosophy and cognitive science.

There are also a variety of views on the borderline of pragmatics and semantics. Some philosophers, such as Morris, believe that semantics and pragmatics are two distinct topics. He argues semantics concerns the relationship between signs and objects they could or might not denote whereas pragmatics is concerned with the use of words in a context.

Other philosophers, including Bach and Harnish have suggested that pragmatics is a subfield within semantics. They distinguish between "near-side" and "far-side" pragmatics. Near-side pragmatics concerns the content of what is said, while far-side is focused on the logical implications of a statement. They argue that semantics already determines the logical implications of a statement, whereas other pragmatics is determined by the pragmatic processes.

The context is among the most important aspects of pragmatics. This means that the same phrase could have different meanings in different contexts, depending on factors such as ambiguity and indexicality. Other elements that can alter the meaning of an expression include the structure of the discourse, speaker intentions and beliefs, and listener expectations.

Another aspect of pragmatics is its cultural specificity. This is due to different cultures having their own rules about what is appropriate to say in various situations. For example, it is acceptable in certain cultures to keep eye contact but it is considered rude in other cultures.

There are various perspectives on pragmatics and lots of research is being conducted in this area. There are a myriad of areas of study, including pragmatics that are computational and formal theoretic and experimental pragmatics, intercultural and cross linguistic pragmatics and pragmatics that are experimental and clinical.

What is the relationship between Free Pragmatics and to Explanatory Pragmatics?

The pragmatics discipline is concerned with the way meaning is conveyed by the language used in its context. It is less concerned with the grammatical structure of an utterance and more on what the speaker is saying. Linguists who specialize in pragmatics are referred to as pragmaticians. The subject of pragmatics is connected to other linguistics areas, such as syntax, semantics, and philosophy of language.

In recent years the field of pragmatics has developed in many different directions. This includes conversational pragmatics and computational linguistics. There is a broad range of research conducted in these areas, with a focus on topics such as the significance of lexical characteristics and the interaction between discourse and language and the nature of meaning itself.

In the philosophical debate on pragmatics one of the most important questions is whether it is possible to provide a thorough and systematic explanation of the interface between semantics and pragmatics. Some philosophers have argued that it is not (e.g. Morris 1938, Kaplan 1989). Other philosophers have suggested that the distinction between pragmatics and semantics is not clear and that semantics and 프라그마틱 슬롯 사이트 무료 프라그마틱게임; published on bbs.xinhaolian.com, pragmatics are in fact the identical.

It is not uncommon for scholars to argue back and forth between these two views, arguing that certain phenomena are either semantics or pragmatics. For instance some scholars believe that if an expression has the literal truth-conditional meaning, it is semantics, while others argue that the fact that an utterance can be interpreted in a variety of ways is a sign of pragmatics.

Other researchers in pragmatics have taken an alternative route. They claim that the truth-conditional interpretation for a statement is only one of many possible interpretations and that all interpretations are valid. This is sometimes referred to as "far-side pragmatics".

Some recent work in pragmatics has sought to combine semantic and far-side approaches in an effort to comprehend the full range of possibilities of an utterance's interpretation by modeling how a speaker's intentions and beliefs affect the interpretation. For example, Champollion et al. (2019) combine a Gricean game-theoretic model of the Rational Speech Act framework with technological innovations from Franke and Bergen (2020). This model predicts that the listeners will be able to consider a variety of possible exhaustified parses of an utterance containing the universal FCI any, and that this is what makes the exclusivity implicature so strong when contrasted to other possible implicatures.