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The theory of evolution through natural selection is the defining force of modern biology. It ties together disciplines as diverse as genetics, microbiology and Palaeontology.
The study of evolution may be controversial, and the misinformation that comes from it can cause confusion about its fundamentals. This site explains the fundamental concepts.
What is Evolution?
The modern understanding of evolution focuses on the gradual and cumulative changes that happen within populations over time. These changes are the result of natural selection, a process that increases the number of organisms that possess beneficial traits that enable them to live and reproduce in a specific environment. In turn, these organisms produce more offspring than those that don't have these beneficial characteristics. This could lead to a genetic mutation which could eventually lead to new species.
The term "evolution" is often ascribed to the notion of "survival of the fittest" which implies that those people who are the most adapted to a specific environment will be more successful than those who are not well-adapted. In actuality this is just one of many ways in which evolution can occur.
Another way of using the term "evolution" is to suggest that a species are able to move from one stage to the next. This view of evolution can be described as anagenetic or cladogenesis. This is not backed by the definition of evolution that is scientifically accepted. Instead the theory of evolution that is scientifically based concentrates on the changes that take place in populations over time and these changes are caused by mutations that produce genomic variation and natural selection.
Some scientists, including the great Charles Darwin, advocated this view of evolution. Others, 에볼루션 코리아사이트 (read this blog article from buur-gutierrez-3.blogbright.net) including Alfred Russel Wallace, who came up with the macroevolution theory believed that this was the only way that the higher forms of life could have evolved from the lower forms.
A theory must stand up to rigorous tests and evidence to be considered as a theory. The evidence for evolution has stood the test of time and has been backed by a myriad of studies across a wide range of sciences, from biology to geology to chemistry to astronomy. In fact evolution is regarded as one of the cornerstones of science today, and it is backed by the vast majority of scientists worldwide. However, there are many misconceptions about the nature of the theory of evolution, particularly how it is related to religion.
What is the Theory of Evolution?
Evolution is an explanation in science of the way living things change over time. It is based on a range of well-established observable facts that show that more offspring are often produced than could possibly survive in the long run; that individuals differ from each other in their physical characteristics (phenotype); that different traits confer varying rates of survival and reproduction and can be passed down to future generations. These findings are backed by a growing amount of evidence drawn from molecular biology, palaeontology climatology functional geology, morphology.
Charles Darwin and Alfred Russel Wallace independently developed the theory of evolution based on selection in the middle of the 19th century as an explanation why organisms are adapted their physical and biological environments. It is the most widely accepted and tested theory in science. Its predictions have been borne out by the fact that, for example complex organisms have less genetic mutations than simpler ones. The more successful an organism becomes in terms of its longevity and reproducing the more likely it is to transmit its genes to future generations.
Some people oppose evolution because they believe that it suggests that there is no purpose to life. However, a lot of scientists who are also religious believers, 에볼루션 룰렛 such as the prominent Cambridge Palaeontologist Simon Conway Morris, believe that evolution is not only compatible with belief in God but is enhanced by it (BioLogos 2014).
In actual fact, a significant number of highly qualified evolutionary biologists, including a few who are renowned evangelical Christian leaders have been involved in the development and testing of the theory of evolution. Many of them have contributed to the understanding of a vast variety of phenomena including phylogenetics and genomics, and the formation and role of fossils.
The term "theory", which is often used incorrectly is a reference to a scientific hypotheses that have been tested and refined over a period of time. Scientists test their theories by repeating the experiments or observations that resulted in them. Therefore, the theory of evolution has been repeatedly proven out as have the corresponding theories of Copernican, germ theory, and atomic theory.
What is the Process of Evolution?
The process of evolution is the gradual shift over time in the ratio of genetically distinct individuals within a particular species. This change is a result of natural selection, which favors those who are better adapted to their environment. The more adapted individuals have a greater chance of survival and reproduction. As more people survive and reproduce, their genes are more common in the general population. This is often called "survival of the strongest."
According to evolution theory the mutations that cause genetic variation are the primary reason for evolutionary change. These mutations can occur at random or under the influence of the environment. When mutations occur randomly, the allele frequencies can vary from generation-to-generation. In contrast, when a mutation is beneficial, it increases the frequency of the allele, causing it to spread throughout the population.
The changes in frequency of alleles can lead to new species as time passes. The new species will then grow and evolve into new forms. This is a process known as macroevolution. The creation of new species is usually due to changes in the environment which make certain resources available or creates new environmental problems. For example, the evolution of finches on the Galapagos Islands is a result of the availability of different food sources and the need protect themselves from predators.
In a wider sense the term "evolution" can be described as any change in the nature of living organisms over time. The change could be subtle, such as the development of new coloration or dramatic, like the formation of an organ.
Scientists who accept the theory of evolution generally recognize the importance of genetic changes in the process of generating evolution. They also agree that the process of evolution takes place over a long time, often millions of years. However, 바카라 에볼루션 they differ on the importance of different factors in accelerating or retarding the process, like the impact of environmental pressures, sexual selection, and mutation bias. Despite these differences scientists believe that evolution has occurred and the evidence to prove this is overwhelming.
What evidence can be found for evolution?
Since Darwin's time, scientists have collected evidence to support his theory of evolution. The evidence comes from fossils that demonstrate the evolution of living organisms over time. Similarities between living organisms as well as embryology, biogeography and genetics are further evidence.
The evolutionary tree is the best way to prove evolution. It demonstrates how species are related. Another way to prove it is homologous structures, which have similar structure in different species, but serve different purposes such as the wings of birds and bats. The fact that different species evolve and adapt to the same environment is also a sign of evolution. For instance, arctic foxes and ptarmigans have seasonal white pelts to blend in with snow and ice. This is a type of convergent evolutionary, which suggests that the species had common ancestors.
Another piece of evidence is the existence of vestige structures, which are unusable organs that could have served a purpose in a distant ancestor. The human appendix for instance, is a vestige from an organ that was used to digest food. These structures tend to shrink in size when they are no longer used in a process called natural selection.
Scientists have also collected evidence for evolution by observing and testing. Evidence for evolution is divided into six categories: directly observable small-scale changes in biogeographic distribution, comparative anatomy, the fossil record, genetics, and classification. Each of these categories offers solid evidence for the evolution of life.
While many people are misinformed about the theory of evolution, it is an established fact. It is not a theory but a significant collection built on years of observation. Regardless of what people believe or deny about the theory of evolution scientists continue to study and discover new information to better know the story of life on Earth. This information will aid scientists to understand how to avoid future global catastrophes and how to best use the resources of our planet. This information will also allow us to better meet the needs and desires of the people who live on our planet.