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What is Free Evolution?

Free evolution is the idea that natural processes can lead to the development of organisms over time. This includes the development of new species and alteration of the appearance of existing species.

This has been proven by numerous examples such as the stickleback fish species that can thrive in fresh or saltwater and walking stick insect species that prefer particular host plants. These mostly reversible traits permutations are not able to explain fundamental changes to the body's basic plans.

Evolution by Natural Selection

Scientists have been fascinated by the evolution of all living organisms that inhabit our planet for ages. The most well-known explanation is Darwin's natural selection process, an evolutionary process that occurs when individuals that are better adapted survive and reproduce more successfully than those less well adapted. As time passes, the number of individuals who are well-adapted grows and eventually creates a new species.

Natural selection is an ongoing process and involves the interaction of 3 factors that are: reproduction, variation and inheritance. Variation is caused by mutations and sexual reproduction, both of which increase the genetic diversity of an animal species. Inheritance refers the transmission of genetic characteristics, which includes both dominant and recessive genes and their offspring. Reproduction is the production of fertile, viable offspring which includes both asexual and sexual methods.

Natural selection can only occur when all of these factors are in balance. If, for example, a dominant gene allele allows an organism to reproduce and last longer than the recessive gene allele The dominant allele will become more common in a population. If the allele confers a negative survival advantage or reduces the fertility of the population, it will be eliminated. The process is self-reinforcing meaning that an organism that has an adaptive characteristic will live and reproduce far more effectively than those with a maladaptive trait. The more fit an organism is, measured by its ability reproduce and endure, is the higher number of offspring it will produce. Individuals with favorable traits, like having a longer neck in giraffes and bright white color patterns in male peacocks, are more likely to survive and produce offspring, which means they will become the majority of the population in the future.

Natural selection is only a factor in populations and not on individuals. This is a significant distinction from the Lamarckian theory of evolution which holds that animals acquire traits either through usage or inaction. If a giraffe extends its neck in order to catch prey and its neck gets longer, then its offspring will inherit this characteristic. The differences in neck size between generations will continue to increase until the giraffe is unable to reproduce with other giraffes.

Evolution by Genetic Drift

In genetic drift, the alleles within a gene can reach different frequencies in a group by chance events. Eventually, only one will be fixed (become common enough to no longer be eliminated through natural selection) and the rest of the alleles will diminish in frequency. This can lead to an allele that is dominant at the extreme. The other alleles are essentially eliminated, and heterozygosity is reduced to zero. In a small number of people, this could result in the complete elimination of the recessive gene. This is known as a bottleneck effect and it is typical of the kind of evolutionary process that takes place when a large amount of people migrate to form a new group.

A phenotypic 'bottleneck' can also occur when the survivors of a catastrophe like an outbreak or a mass hunting event are confined to the same area. The survivors will have an allele that is dominant and will share the same phenotype. This can be caused by war, earthquakes, or even plagues. Regardless of the cause the genetically distinct group that remains is susceptible to genetic drift.

Walsh Lewens, Walsh, and Ariew define drift as a deviation from the expected value due to differences in fitness. They provide a well-known instance of twins who are genetically identical and have identical phenotypes and yet one is struck by lightning and dies, whereas the other lives and reproduces.

This type of drift is crucial in the evolution of an entire species. But, it's not the only method to progress. The most common alternative is a process called natural selection, in which the phenotypic diversity of a population is maintained by mutation and migration.

Stephens asserts that there is a big distinction between treating drift as a force or as an underlying cause, and considering other causes of evolution like mutation, selection, and migration as forces or causes. He argues that a causal process explanation of drift permits us to differentiate it from other forces, and this distinction is vital. He further argues that drift has both direction, i.e., it tends to reduce heterozygosity. It also has a size that is determined by the size of the population.

Evolution through Lamarckism

When students in high school study biology they are often introduced to the work of Jean-Baptiste Lamarck (1744 - 1829). His theory of evolution, also referred to as "Lamarckism", states that simple organisms transform into more complex organisms through inheriting characteristics that result from the use and abuse of an organism. Lamarckism can be illustrated by an giraffe's neck stretching to reach higher levels of leaves in the trees. This could cause the longer necks of giraffes to be passed to their offspring, who would grow taller.

Lamarck was a French Zoologist. In his inaugural lecture for his course on invertebrate Zoology at the Museum of Natural History in Paris on the 17th of May in 1802, he introduced a groundbreaking concept that radically challenged previous thinking about organic transformation. In his opinion, living things had evolved from inanimate matter via an escalating series of steps. Lamarck was not the only one to suggest that this might be the case but his reputation is widely regarded as having given the subject its first broad and comprehensive analysis.

The popular narrative is that Lamarckism was a rival to Charles Darwin's theory of evolution by natural selection and that the two theories battled each other in the 19th century. Darwinism eventually prevailed, 에볼루션 무료 에볼루션 에볼루션 바카라 무료체험 (click through the up coming post) leading to what biologists refer to as the Modern Synthesis. The Modern Synthesis theory denies that traits acquired through evolution can be inherited, and instead argues that organisms evolve through the action of environmental factors, such as natural selection.

While Lamarck believed in the concept of inheritance by acquired characters and his contemporaries paid lip-service to this notion, it was never an integral part of any of their theories about evolution. This is due to the fact that it was never scientifically tested.

But it is now more than 200 years since Lamarck was born and in the age genomics there is a vast amount of evidence that supports the heritability of acquired traits. This is also known as "neo Lamarckism", or more commonly epigenetic inheritance. This is a version that is just as valid as the popular neodarwinian model.

Evolution through Adaptation

One of the most popular misconceptions about evolution is that it is being driven by a struggle for survival. This view is inaccurate and ignores other forces driving evolution. The struggle for survival is more effectively described as a struggle to survive within a specific environment, which may involve not only other organisms but also the physical environment itself.

To understand how evolution works it is important to think about what adaptation is. The term "adaptation" refers to any characteristic that allows living organisms to survive in its environment and reproduce. It could be a physical structure like fur or feathers. It could also be a trait of behavior such as moving into the shade during hot weather or coming out to avoid the cold at night.

The capacity of a living thing to extract energy from its environment and interact with other organisms and their physical environments, is crucial to its survival. The organism must have the right genes to produce offspring, and it should be able to locate enough food and other resources. In addition, the organism should be capable of reproducing itself at an optimal rate within its niche.

These elements, in conjunction with gene flow and mutation can result in a change in the proportion of alleles (different forms of a gene) in the gene pool of a population. Over time, this change in allele frequencies could result in the development of new traits, and eventually new species.

Many of the features that we admire in animals and plants are adaptations, for example, the lungs or gills that extract oxygen from the air, feathers or fur for insulation and long legs for running away from predators and camouflage for hiding. However, a complete understanding of adaptation requires attention to the distinction between behavioral and physiological traits.

Physiological traits like large gills and thick fur are physical traits. Behavior adaptations aren't an exception, for instance, the tendency of animals to seek companionship or retreat into shade in hot temperatures. It is also important to keep in mind that lack of planning does not cause an adaptation. In fact, failure to consider the consequences of a choice can render it unadaptive even though it might appear reasonable or even essential.