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What is Free Evolution?

Free evolution is the notion that natural processes can cause organisms to develop over time. This includes the appearance and development of new species.

Many examples have been given of this, including different varieties of fish called sticklebacks that can live in either salt or fresh water, and walking stick insect varieties that prefer specific host plants. These reversible traits, however, cannot explain fundamental changes in body plans.

Evolution by Natural Selection

The evolution of the myriad living organisms on Earth is an enigma that has fascinated scientists for centuries. The most well-known explanation is that of Charles Darwin's natural selection process, a process that is triggered when more well-adapted individuals live longer and reproduce more successfully than those that are less well adapted. Over time, the population of well-adapted individuals becomes larger and eventually develops into a new species.

Natural selection is an ongoing process that involves the interaction of three elements including inheritance, variation, and reproduction. Mutation and sexual reproduction increase the genetic diversity of a species. Inheritance refers the transmission of a person’s genetic traits, which include recessive and dominant genes to their offspring. Reproduction is the production of viable, fertile offspring, which includes both sexual and asexual methods.

All of these variables have to be in equilibrium to allow natural selection to take place. For example when the dominant allele of one gene can cause an organism to live and reproduce more frequently than the recessive allele the dominant allele will become more prevalent within the population. If the allele confers a negative advantage to survival or lowers the fertility of the population, it will be eliminated. This process is self-reinforcing meaning that an organism with a beneficial characteristic is more likely to survive and reproduce than an individual with an inadaptive trait. The greater an organism's fitness, measured by its ability reproduce and endure, 에볼루션 바카라 사이트 (breum-donaldson.thoughtlanes.net) is the higher number of offspring it produces. Individuals with favorable characteristics, such as having a long neck in giraffes, or bright white color patterns on male peacocks, are more likely than others to survive and reproduce and eventually lead to them becoming the majority.

Natural selection only acts on populations, not individuals. This is a major distinction from the Lamarckian evolution theory that states that animals acquire traits either through the use or absence of use. If a giraffe extends its neck in order to catch prey, and the neck becomes larger, then its offspring will inherit this trait. The difference in neck length between generations will persist until the giraffe's neck becomes too long that it can not breed with other giraffes.

Evolution by Genetic Drift

Genetic drift occurs when alleles of a gene are randomly distributed in a group. At some point, 에볼루션 게이밍 one will attain fixation (become so widespread that it cannot be eliminated through natural selection) and other alleles fall to lower frequency. In the extreme this, it leads to a single allele dominance. Other alleles have been virtually eliminated and heterozygosity decreased to zero. In a small number of people this could result in the complete elimination of recessive allele. This scenario is called the bottleneck effect. It is typical of the evolution process that occurs when the number of individuals migrate to form a population.

A phenotypic bottleneck can also occur when survivors of a catastrophe, such as an epidemic or a massive hunting event, are condensed into a small area. The survivors will share an allele that is dominant and will share the same phenotype. This situation might be the result of a war, earthquake or even a cholera outbreak. Whatever the reason the genetically distinct population that is left might be susceptible to genetic drift.

Walsh Lewens, Walsh, and Ariew define drift as a departure from the expected value due to differences in fitness. They provide a well-known instance of twins who are genetically identical and have identical phenotypes, and 에볼루션 룰렛 바카라 무료 (Molejumbo0.Bravejournal.Net) yet one is struck by lightening and dies while the other lives and reproduces.

This type of drift is vital to the evolution of a species. It's not the only method of evolution. Natural selection is the main alternative, where mutations and migration keep the phenotypic diversity of the population.

Stephens argues that there is a significant difference between treating drift as a force or as an underlying cause, and treating other causes of evolution like selection, mutation, and migration as forces or causes. Stephens claims that a causal process explanation of drift permits us to differentiate it from other forces, and this distinction is crucial. He also claims that drift is a directional force: that is, it tends to eliminate heterozygosity. It also has a magnitude, which is determined by population size.

Evolution by Lamarckism

In high school, students take biology classes, they are frequently introduced to the work of Jean-Baptiste Lamarck (1744 - 1829). His theory of evolution is often called "Lamarckism" and it asserts that simple organisms evolve into more complex organisms by the inheritance of traits that result from the organism's natural actions usage, use and disuse. Lamarckism is typically illustrated by an image of a giraffe extending its neck to reach higher up in the trees. This could cause the longer necks of giraffes to be passed to their offspring, who would then grow even taller.

Lamarck was a French zoologist and, in his lecture to begin his course on invertebrate Zoology at the Museum of Natural History in Paris on the 17th May 1802, he introduced a groundbreaking concept that radically challenged the previous understanding of organic transformation. According to Lamarck, living creatures evolved from inanimate material through a series of gradual steps. Lamarck wasn't the only one to propose this but he was considered to be the first to offer the subject a comprehensive and general explanation.

The predominant story is that Charles Darwin's theory on evolution by natural selection and Lamarckism were rivals in the 19th century. Darwinism ultimately prevailed and led to what biologists refer to as the Modern Synthesis. This theory denies acquired characteristics can be passed down and instead argues organisms evolve by the influence of environment factors, such as Natural Selection.

While Lamarck believed in the concept of inheritance through acquired characters and his contemporaries spoke of this idea however, it was not an integral part of any of their theories about evolution. This is due to the fact that it was never scientifically tested.

It's been more than 200 year since Lamarck's birth and in the field of genomics, there is a growing body of evidence that supports the heritability-acquired characteristics. This is referred to as "neo Lamarckism", or more often epigenetic inheritance. This is a variant that is as valid as the popular Neodarwinian model.

Evolution by Adaptation

One of the most commonly-held misconceptions about evolution is its being driven by a fight for survival. This notion is not true and overlooks other forces that drive evolution. The fight for survival can be more accurately described as a struggle to survive in a specific environment, which can include not just other organisms, but as well the physical environment.

To understand how evolution works, it is helpful to understand what is adaptation. The term "adaptation" refers to any characteristic that allows a living organism to survive in its environment and reproduce. It can be a physiological structure like feathers or 에볼루션 바카라 무료체험 fur or a behavioral characteristic such as a tendency to move into shade in hot weather or stepping out at night to avoid cold.

An organism's survival depends on its ability to draw energy from the environment and to interact with other organisms and their physical environments. The organism should possess the right genes to create offspring, and be able to find sufficient food and resources. Furthermore, 에볼루션 바카라 (Sciencewiki.Science) the organism needs to be capable of reproducing at a high rate within its environmental niche.

These factors, together with gene flow and mutations, can lead to a shift in the proportion of different alleles in the gene pool of a population. The change in frequency of alleles can result in the emergence of novel traits and eventually new species as time passes.

Many of the characteristics we admire in animals and plants are adaptations, such as lung or gills for removing oxygen from the air, feathers or fur to provide insulation, long legs for running away from predators and camouflage to hide. To understand adaptation it is essential to distinguish between behavioral and physiological traits.

Physical characteristics like large gills and thick fur are physical traits. The behavioral adaptations aren't like the tendency of animals to seek companionship or to retreat into the shade during hot temperatures. It is important to note that lack of planning does not cause an adaptation. Inability to think about the effects of a behavior, even if it appears to be rational, could make it inflexible.