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The Berkeley Evolution Site
The Berkeley site contains resources that can assist students and teachers learn about and teach evolution. The materials are organized into optional learning paths such as "What did T. rex taste like?"
Charles Darwin's theory of natural selection explains that in time, creatures more adaptable to changing environments do better than those that don't become extinct. Science is about the process of biological evolution.
What is Evolution?
The term "evolution" could have many nonscientific meanings. For instance, it can mean "progress" and "descent with modifications." Scientifically, it is a term used to describe a changes in the traits of living organisms (or species) over time. This change is based in biological terms on natural selection and drift.
Evolution is an important concept in the field of biology today. It is a well-supported theory that has withstood the test of time and thousands of scientific studies. In contrast to other theories in science, such as the Copernican theory or the germ theory of disease, the evolution theory does not address issues of spiritual belief or God's existence.
Early evolutionists, including Jean-Baptiste Lamarck and Erasmus Darwin (Charles's grandfather) believed that certain physical traits were predetermined to change, in a gradual way, over time. This was known as the "Ladder of Nature" or scala Naturae. Charles Lyell used the term to describe this concept in his Principles of Geology, first published in 1833.
In the early 1800s, Darwin formulated his theory of evolution and published it in his book On the Origin of Species. It states that all species of organisms have the same ancestry, which can be determined through fossils and other lines of evidence. This is the modern view on evolution, and is supported in a wide range of disciplines, including molecular biology.
Scientists don't know the evolution of organisms, but they are confident that natural selection and genetic drift are the reason for the evolution of life. Individuals with advantageous traits are more likely to live and reproduce, and they pass their genes on to the next generation. As time passes, the gene pool gradually changes and develops into new species.
Certain scientists use the term"evolution" to refer to large-scale change, such as the formation of one species from an ancestral one. Certain scientists, including population geneticists, define the term "evolution" in a more broad sense by using the term "net change" to refer to the change in allele frequency over generations. Both definitions are valid and palatable, but some scientists argue that allele-frequency definitions do not include important aspects of evolutionary process.
Origins of Life
The most important step in evolution is the appearance of life. This happens when living systems begin to develop at a micro-level - within cells, for instance.
The origins of life are an important subject in many disciplines that include biology and chemical. The question of how living organisms began has a special place in science due to it being a major challenge to the theory of evolution. It is often referred to "the mystery" of life or "abiogenesis."
Traditionally, the belief that life could emerge from nonliving things is known as spontaneous generation, or "spontaneous evolution." This was a popular belief prior 무료 에볼루션; Wx.Abcvote.Cn, to Louis Pasteur's research showed that it was impossible for the development of life to occur by a purely natural process.
Many scientists believe it is possible to go from nonliving substances to living ones. However, the conditions required are extremely difficult to replicate in a laboratory. Researchers interested in the origins and evolution of life are also eager to understand the physical properties of the early Earth as well as other planets.
The life-cycle of a living organism is dependent on a number of complex chemical reactions which cannot be predicted by simple physical laws. These include the reading and the replication of complex molecules, like DNA or RNA, to create proteins that perform a particular function. These chemical reactions are often compared to the chicken-and-egg problem of how life first appeared: The emergence of DNA/RNA and protein-based cell machinery is crucial for the beginning of life, 에볼루션게이밍 but without the development of life, the chemical reaction that is the basis for it isn't working.
Abiogenesis research requires collaboration with scientists from various disciplines. This includes prebiotic chemists, astrobiologists, planetary scientists geophysicists and geologists.
Evolutionary Changes
Today, the word evolution is used to describe cumulative changes in genetic characteristics over time. These changes can result from adaptation to environmental pressures, as explained in the article on Darwinism (see the entry on Charles Darwin for background) or natural selection.
The latter is a mechanism that increases the frequency of genes which confer an advantage in survival over others and causes an ongoing change in the appearance of a particular population. The specific mechanisms that cause these changes in evolutionary process include mutation, reshuffling of genes during sexual reproduction, and gene flow between populations.
While mutation and reshuffling of genes are common in all organisms, the process by which beneficial mutations are more prevalent is called natural selection. As mentioned above, those who possess the desirable trait have a higher reproductive rate than those who do not. This variation in the number of offspring produced over many generations can result in a gradual change in the average number of beneficial traits in a group.
One good example is the growth of beak size on different species of finches on the Galapagos Islands, which have developed different beak shapes to allow them to more easily access food in their new habitat. These changes in shape and form could aid in the creation of new organisms.
Most of the changes that occur are the result of one mutation, but occasionally, multiple mutations occur simultaneously. Most of these changes are neutral or even harmful to the organism but a small percentage can have an advantageous impact on the longevity and reproduction of the species, thus increasing their frequency in the population over time. Natural selection is a mechanism that could result in the accumulation of changes over time that lead to a new species.
Many people confuse the concept of evolution with the idea that the traits inherited from parents can be changed through conscious choice or by use and abuse, a concept known as soft inheritance. This is a misinterpretation of the biological processes that lead up to evolution. A more accurate description of evolution is that it is a two-step process that involves the distinct, and often competing, forces of natural selection and mutation.
Origins of Humans
Humans today (Homo sapiens) evolved from primates, a group of mammals that also includes chimpanzees, gorillas, and bonobos. Our ancestors walked on two legs, as shown by the oldest fossils. Genetic and biological similarities suggest that we are closely related to chimpanzees. In actual fact, we are most closely related to the chimpanzees within the Pan Genus that includes pygmy and pygmy chimpanzees and bonobos. The last common ancestor of modern humans and chimpanzees was 8 to 6 million years old.
Over time humans have developed a range of traits, including bipedalism and the use of fire. They also created advanced tools. But it's only in the last 100,000 years or so that most of the characteristics that differentiate us from other species have been developed. They include language, a large brain, the ability to construct and use sophisticated tools, and a the ability to adapt to cultural differences.
Evolution occurs when genetic changes allow individuals in a group to better adapt to their environment. Natural selection is the mechanism that drives this adaptation. Certain characteristics are more desirable than others. The better adjusted are more likely to pass on their genes to the next generation. This is the way that all species evolve and forms the basis of the theory of evolution.
Scientists refer to this as the "law of natural selection." The law states that species that have an ancestor in common will tend to acquire similar traits in the course of time. This is because the traits make it easier for them to survive and reproduce in their natural environment.
Every living thing has a DNA molecule, which is the source of information that helps control their growth and development. The structure of DNA is made of base pairs arranged in a spiral around sugar and phosphate molecules. The sequence of bases in each strand determines the phenotype, the characteristic appearance and behavior of an individual. Different mutations and reshufflings of the genetic material (known as alleles) during reproduction causes variation in a population.
Fossils from the earliest human species Homo erectus and Homo neanderthalensis have been found in Africa, Asia and Europe. Although there are some differences, these fossils all support the idea that modern humans first came into existence in Africa. Genetic and fossil evidence also suggest that early humans came out of Africa into Asia and 에볼루션 바카라 무료체험 (www.ksye.cn) then Europe.