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What is Free Evolution?

Free evolution is the idea that the natural processes of organisms can lead to their development over time. This includes the evolution of new species and change in appearance of existing species.

A variety of examples have been provided of this, including different varieties of stickleback fish that can be found in salt or fresh water, 에볼루션 사이트 and walking stick insect varieties that favor specific host plants. These reversible traits however, are not able to be the reason for fundamental changes in body plans.

Evolution through Natural Selection

The development of the myriad of living organisms on Earth is a mystery that has fascinated scientists for many centuries. Charles Darwin's natural selection theory is the most well-known explanation. This is because individuals who are better-adapted have more success in reproduction and survival than those who are less well-adapted. As time passes, a group of well-adapted individuals increases and eventually becomes a new species.

Natural selection is a cyclical process that involves the interaction of three elements: variation, inheritance and reproduction. Variation is caused by mutation and sexual reproduction, both of which increase the genetic diversity within a species. Inheritance is the term used to describe the transmission of a person's genetic traits, including both dominant and recessive genes and their offspring. Reproduction is the generation of viable, fertile offspring, which includes both sexual and asexual methods.

Natural selection can only occur when all these elements are in equilibrium. If, for instance, a dominant gene allele causes an organism reproduce and last longer than the recessive gene allele, then the dominant allele will become more common in a population. If the allele confers a negative survival advantage or reduces the fertility of the population, it will be eliminated. This process is self-reinforcing which means that an organism that has an adaptive characteristic will live and reproduce far more effectively than those with a maladaptive trait. The more offspring an organism produces the better its fitness that is determined by its capacity to reproduce itself and live. People with desirable traits, such as longer necks in giraffes or bright white patterns of color in male peacocks are more likely to survive and produce offspring, which means they will make up the majority of the population over time.

Natural selection is only a force for populations, not individual organisms. This is an important distinction from the Lamarckian theory of evolution which argues that animals acquire characteristics through use or disuse. If a giraffe extends its neck to catch prey and its neck gets larger, then its offspring will inherit this trait. The difference in neck size between generations will increase until the giraffe is no longer able to breed with other giraffes.

Evolution by Genetic Drift

In genetic drift, the alleles at a gene may reach different frequencies in a population by chance events. Eventually, only one will be fixed (become widespread enough to not longer be eliminated by natural selection) and the rest of the alleles will drop in frequency. In the extreme it can lead to a single allele dominance. The other alleles are eliminated, and heterozygosity falls to zero. In a small group it could result in the complete elimination of the recessive gene. This scenario is called the bottleneck effect. It is typical of the evolutionary process that occurs when an enormous number of individuals move to form a population.

A phenotypic 'bottleneck' can also occur when survivors of a disaster like an outbreak or mass hunt event are confined to an area of a limited size. The survivors are likely to be homozygous for the dominant allele, which means they will all have the same phenotype and will consequently have the same fitness characteristics. This situation might be caused by war, an earthquake or even a disease. Whatever the reason, the genetically distinct population that remains could be prone to genetic drift.

Walsh Lewens, Walsh, and Ariew define drift as a departure from expected values due to differences in fitness. They give the famous example of twins that are genetically identical and have exactly the same phenotype. However, one is struck by lightning and dies, whereas the other lives to reproduce.

This kind of drift could be crucial in the evolution of an entire species. However, it is not the only way to develop. Natural selection is the primary alternative, where mutations and migration maintain the phenotypic diversity of the population.

Stephens asserts that there is a significant distinction between treating drift as an actual cause or force, and treating other causes like selection mutation and migration as forces and causes. Stephens claims that a causal process explanation of drift allows us to distinguish it from the other forces, and that this distinction is crucial. He further argues that drift has both an orientation, i.e., it tends towards eliminating heterozygosity. It also has a size, which is determined by population size.

Evolution by Lamarckism

In high school, 에볼루션 바카라사이트 슬롯게임 (try what she says) students study biology they are often introduced to the work of Jean-Baptiste Lamarck (1744 - 1829). His theory of evolution is generally known as "Lamarckism" and it states that simple organisms develop into more complex organisms by the inheritance of traits that result from the organism's natural actions, use and disuse. Lamarckism can be demonstrated by a giraffe extending its neck to reach higher branches in the trees. This would cause the longer necks of giraffes to be passed on to their offspring who would then become taller.

Lamarck, a French Zoologist from France, presented an innovative idea in his opening lecture at the Museum of Natural History of Paris. He challenged conventional wisdom on organic transformation. According to him, living things had evolved from inanimate matter via the gradual progression of events. Lamarck was not the first to suggest this but he was thought of as the first to provide the subject a thorough and general treatment.

The most popular story is that Lamarckism was an opponent to Charles Darwin's theory of evolutionary natural selection, and both theories battled out in the 19th century. Darwinism eventually prevailed, leading to the development of what biologists today call the Modern Synthesis. The theory argues the possibility that acquired traits can be inherited, and instead suggests that organisms evolve by the symbiosis of environmental factors, including natural selection.

While Lamarck endorsed the idea of inheritance through acquired characters and 에볼루션 슬롯게임 his contemporaries also paid lip-service to this notion but it was not an integral part of any of their evolutionary theorizing. This is largely due to the fact that it was never tested scientifically.

However, it has been more than 200 years since Lamarck was born and in the age of genomics there is a huge body of evidence supporting the heritability of acquired traits. This is also known as "neo Lamarckism", or more often epigenetic inheritance. This is a model that is just as valid as the popular Neodarwinian model.

Evolution by Adaptation

One of the most common misconceptions about evolution is that it is driven by a type of struggle for survival. In reality, this notion is a misrepresentation of natural selection and ignores the other forces that are driving evolution. The fight for survival can be more effectively described as a struggle to survive within a specific environment, which can be a struggle that involves not only other organisms but also the physical environment itself.

Understanding how adaptation works is essential to understand evolution. Adaptation is any feature that allows a living organism to survive in its environment and reproduce. It can be a physiological structure, such as fur or feathers or a behavioral characteristic like moving into the shade in the heat or 무료 에볼루션 바카라사이트 (atavi.com) leaving at night to avoid cold.

The capacity of an organism to draw energy from its environment and interact with other organisms, as well as their physical environments, is crucial to its survival. The organism must possess the right genes to produce offspring, and it must be able to access enough food and other resources. The organism must also be able reproduce at a rate that is optimal for its particular niche.

These factors, together with gene flow and mutation, lead to changes in the ratio of alleles (different forms of a gene) in the population's gene pool. This shift in the frequency of alleles can result in the emergence of novel traits and eventually, new species over time.

A lot of the traits we admire in animals and plants are adaptations, such as the lungs or gills that extract oxygen from the air, fur or feathers for insulation, long legs for running away from predators, and camouflage for hiding. However, a thorough understanding of adaptation requires a keen eye to the distinction between behavioral and physiological characteristics.

Physical traits such as the thick fur and gills are physical characteristics. The behavioral adaptations aren't, such as the tendency of animals to seek companionship or move into the shade in hot weather. It is important to keep in mind that the absence of planning doesn't result in an adaptation. Inability to think about the implications of a choice even if it appears to be rational, may cause it to be unadaptive.