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The Academy's Evolution Site

Biological evolution is one of the most fundamental concepts in biology. The Academies have been active for a long time in helping people who are interested in science comprehend the concept of evolution and how it influences all areas of scientific exploration.

This site provides teachers, students and general readers with a variety of learning resources about evolution. It includes key video clip from NOVA and WGBH produced science programs on DVD.

Tree of Life

The Tree of Life is an ancient symbol that represents the interconnectedness of life. It is used in many cultures and spiritual beliefs as an emblem of unity and love. It can be used in many practical ways as well, such as providing a framework to understand the history of species, and how they react to changing environmental conditions.

The first attempts to depict the world of biology were founded on categorizing organisms on their physical and 에볼루션바카라사이트 metabolic characteristics. These methods rely on the sampling of different parts of organisms or fragments of DNA, have significantly increased the diversity of a tree of Life2. However these trees are mainly comprised of eukaryotes, and bacterial diversity is still largely unrepresented3,4.

Genetic techniques have greatly expanded our ability to represent the Tree of Life by circumventing the need for direct observation and experimentation. Particularly, molecular techniques enable us to create trees using sequenced markers, such as the small subunit of ribosomal RNA gene.

Despite the dramatic growth of the Tree of Life through genome sequencing, much biodiversity still is waiting to be discovered. This is particularly relevant to microorganisms that are difficult to cultivate, and are typically found in a single specimen5. A recent analysis of all genomes known to date has produced a rough draft of the Tree of Life, including numerous bacteria and archaea that are not isolated and whose diversity is poorly understood6.

The expanded Tree of Life can be used to determine the diversity of a particular area and determine if particular habitats require special protection. This information can be utilized in a variety of ways, such as finding new drugs, battling diseases and improving the quality of crops. The information is also incredibly useful in conservation efforts. It can aid biologists in identifying areas that are likely to have cryptic species, which could have vital metabolic functions, and could be susceptible to changes caused by humans. Although funds to protect biodiversity are essential, ultimately the best way to protect the world's biodiversity is for more people living in developing countries to be equipped with the knowledge to take action locally to encourage conservation from within.

Phylogeny

A phylogeny (also known as an evolutionary tree) shows the relationships between different organisms. Scientists can build an phylogenetic chart which shows the evolutionary relationship of taxonomic groups using molecular data and morphological differences or similarities. Phylogeny is crucial in understanding biodiversity, 에볼루션 바카라사이트 evolution and genetics.

A basic phylogenetic Tree (see Figure PageIndex 10 Finds the connections between organisms with similar characteristics and have evolved from a common ancestor. These shared traits could be either homologous or analogous. Homologous characteristics are identical in terms of their evolutionary paths. Analogous traits could appear similar, but they do not have the same origins. Scientists arrange similar traits into a grouping referred to as a clade. For example, all of the species in a clade share the characteristic of having amniotic eggs and evolved from a common ancestor which had eggs. The clades are then linked to create a phylogenetic tree to determine the organisms with the closest relationship.

Scientists utilize molecular DNA or RNA data to construct a phylogenetic graph that is more precise and 에볼루션게이밍 detailed. This information is more precise and provides evidence of the evolution history of an organism. Researchers can utilize Molecular Data to calculate the age of evolution of organisms and determine how many organisms have the same ancestor.

The phylogenetic relationships between species are influenced by many factors including phenotypic plasticity, a kind of behavior that changes in response to unique environmental conditions. This can cause a trait to appear more resembling to one species than another and obscure the phylogenetic signals. This problem can be mitigated by using cladistics, which incorporates an amalgamation of analogous and homologous features in the tree.

In addition, 에볼루션 무료체험 phylogenetics helps predict the duration and rate at which speciation occurs. This information can aid conservation biologists to make decisions about which species they should protect from extinction. It is ultimately the preservation of phylogenetic diversity which will result in a complete and balanced ecosystem.

Evolutionary Theory

The central theme of evolution is that organisms develop distinct characteristics over time based on their interactions with their environment. A variety of theories about evolution have been developed by a variety of scientists, including the Islamic naturalist Nasir al-Din al-Tusi (1201-1274) who envisioned an organism developing slowly according to its needs and needs, the Swedish botanist Carolus Linnaeus (1707-1778) who developed the modern hierarchical taxonomy, as well as Jean-Baptiste Lamarck (1744-1829) who suggested that the use or misuse of traits can cause changes that can be passed on to offspring.

In the 1930s and 1940s, ideas from a variety of fields -- including natural selection, genetics, and particulate inheritance -- came together to form the modern evolutionary theory synthesis, 에볼루션 룰렛 which defines how evolution is triggered by the variation of genes within a population and how these variants change in time as a result of natural selection. This model, which is known as genetic drift, mutation, gene flow and sexual selection, is a cornerstone of modern evolutionary biology and can be mathematically explained.

Recent advances in evolutionary developmental biology have shown how variation can be introduced to a species via mutations, genetic drift or reshuffling of genes in sexual reproduction and the movement between populations. These processes, along with others like directional selection and genetic erosion (changes in the frequency of an individual's genotype over time), can lead to evolution which is defined by changes in the genome of the species over time and also by changes in phenotype as time passes (the expression of that genotype in an individual).

Students can gain a better understanding of the concept of phylogeny through incorporating evolutionary thinking throughout all areas of biology. A recent study by Grunspan and colleagues, for instance demonstrated that teaching about the evidence for evolution helped students accept the concept of evolution in a college biology course. For more details on how to teach about evolution read The Evolutionary Power of Biology in all Areas of Biology or Thinking Evolutionarily: a Framework for Integrating Evolution into Life Sciences Education.

Evolution in Action

Traditionally scientists have studied evolution through looking back, studying fossils, comparing species, and observing living organisms. But evolution isn't a thing that happened in the past; it's an ongoing process, taking place in the present. Bacteria mutate and resist antibiotics, viruses reinvent themselves and escape new drugs, and animals adapt their behavior in response to a changing planet. The changes that occur are often evident.

It wasn't until late 1980s that biologists began to realize that natural selection was in play. The key to this is that different traits can confer a different rate of survival and reproduction, and they can be passed down from one generation to the next.

In the past, if an allele - the genetic sequence that determines colour was present in a population of organisms that interbred, it might become more prevalent than any other allele. As time passes, this could mean that the number of moths that have black pigmentation in a group may increase. The same is true for many other characteristics--including morphology and behavior--that vary among populations of organisms.

It is easier to observe evolution when an organism, like bacteria, has a rapid generation turnover. Since 1988 biologist Richard Lenski has been tracking twelve populations of E. bacteria that descend from a single strain; samples from each population are taken on a regular basis, and over 500.000 generations have passed.

Lenski's research has revealed that a mutation can profoundly alter the speed at which a population reproduces--and so the rate at which it changes. It also demonstrates that evolution takes time, a fact that many are unable to accept.

Microevolution can be observed in the fact that mosquito genes for pesticide resistance are more prevalent in areas where insecticides are used. This is because the use of pesticides creates a selective pressure that favors people with resistant genotypes.

The rapid pace of evolution taking place has led to a growing awareness of its significance in a world that is shaped by human activity--including climate change, pollution, and the loss of habitats which prevent many species from adapting. Understanding the evolution process can assist you in making better choices about the future of the planet and its inhabitants.